Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Year 1 > 2.1.2- Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2- Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are polymers?

A

molecules made from monomers that have joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are monomers?

A

small units that make up larger molecules
eg-amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

the elimination of water molecule to join monomers by chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

when water is added to a reaction to break a chemical bond between two molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 5 properties of water?

A

-cohesion
-high specific heat capacity
-reactant/metabolite
-good solvent/transport medium
-coolant/high latent heat capicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of molecule is water, and what charges are each atom, with which bonds?

A

molecule= polar molecule (there is an unequal spread of electrons, so partial changes within the molecule)
atom charge= H+ O-
bonds= hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what chemical elements make up carbohydrates?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what chemical elements make up lipids?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what chemical elements make up proteins?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what chemical elements make up nucleic acids?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

a single simple sugar that contains carbon, hydrogen + oxygen in ratio 1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

A

Cn (H2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

give details on the hexose monosaccharide GLUCOSE

A

-hexose sugar
-C6H12O6
-energy source, respiratory substrate
-alpha and beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

whats the difference in structure between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

-alpha= OH sticks down
-beta= OH sticks up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an example of a pentose monosaccharide?

A

RIBOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is ribose?

A

a pentose sugar found in dna, rna + atp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the difference between pentose + hexose?

A

hexose=contains 6 carbons
pentose= contains 5 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what makes up sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what makes up lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what makes up maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides bonded together through a condensation reaction (broken by hydrolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

lots of saccharides joined together
eg-glycogen, starch, cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what bonds appear between saccharides?

A

glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the two types of starch?

A

1-amylose
2-amylopectin
—> starch is a mixture of these two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
give details on amylose?
-unbranched -made up of long chains of alpha glucose -1-4 bonds -helix shape
26
give details on amylopectin?
-branched -1-4/1-6 bonds
27
what are the 4 functions of starch?
-compact to fit in small space -readily hydrolysed to produce glucose when needed -insoluble, so won't effect water potential of cells -unreactive/stabilised by hydrogen
28
what type of substrate is glycogen?
a respiratory substrate that stores energy in animals, eg-glycogen granules in liver/muscle cells
29
give some details on glycogen?
-made from hundreds of alpha glucose, joined with 1-4 bonds -branched, compact shape -can quickly be broken into glucose
30
what is the role of cellulose?
structural role in plants
31
give some details on cellulose?
-thousands of beta glucose, 1-4 bonds -straight, unbranched, arranged in fibres -every 2nd glucose is rotated 180 degrees
32
what are the two features of cellulose that help strengthen the cell wall?
-insoluble -very strong
33
what are triglycerides made from?
1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids
34
what is glycerol and what makes it up?
an alcohol molecule, with 3 OH groups -made from 5 hydrogens, 3 carbons and 3 OH groups
35
what are fatty acids made up from?
hydrocarbon chain + carboxylic acid group -hydrocarbon chain can vary in length
36
what is a saturated fatty acid?
contains single carbon bonds
37
what is an unsaturated fatty acid?
contains a double carbon bond
38
how are triglycerides formed?
-glycerol and fatty acids join through condensation, creating ester bonds
39
what bonds are present in triglycerides?
ester bonds
40
how are ester bonds broken up?
-through hydrolysis, creating monoglyceride glycerol and one fatty acid
41
what is triglyceride formation called?
ESTERIFICATION
42
what are the 7 properties of triglycerides?
-insoluble in water -poor conductor of heat -hydrophobic -high energy content / g -metabollically inert until hydrolysed -shock absorbing -release more water when oxidised in respiration
43
what are the 5 function of triglycerides?
-energy store, stores energy -insulation, tissue helps retain heat -physical protection, cushion delicate organs -waterproofing, of skin and fur -metabolic water, water released in respiration
44
what is cholesterol/what is it made from?
a small narrow, hydrophobic made from 4 carbon based rings.
45
what is the function of cholesterol and what allows this to take place?
FUNCTION= to make membrane stronger and less fluid -it can slot between the phospholipids in the membrane due to being small and narrow
46
what does cholesterol make and what does excess mean?
makes= vitamin D, steroid hormones, to penetrate membranes to reach site of action excess= gall stones and atherosclerosis.
47
what are phospholipids made from?
2 fatty acids + phosphate head -fatty acid tail, phosphate head
48
what does the phosphate head and fatty acid tail do?
head= hydrophillic, soluble in water tail= hydrophobic, orientate away from water medium, non-polar
49
how do phospholipids form bilayers?
their bipolar nature allows molecules to form bilayers, which are a major component of cell membranes. -in rows -heads on top/bottom
50
what are the two functions of phospholipids?
-creates a partially permeable membrane in cells and organelles -makes up cell membranes
51
what is the general structure of an amino acid?
amino group = H-N-H variable group= R-C-H (always different) carboxyl acid group= OH=C-OH
52
what are amino acids
the monomer subunit/building blocks of proteins
53
what are proteins?
polymers of monomer molecules (amino acids)
54
what bonds are present in proteins?
peptide bonds
55
what do peptide bonds (in proteins) look like?
O=C---N-H
56
what are the four levels of the protein structure?
1-PRIMARY structure 2-SECONDARY structure 3-TERTIARY structure 4-QUATERNARY structure
57
what is primary structure?
chain of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
58
what is the secondary structure?
the coiling and pleating of parts of the polypeptide chain? -alpha helix coil -beta pleated sheet
59
what one bond is present in the secondary structure of a protein?
hydrogen bonds between amino acids
60
what is the tertiary structure?
the overall 3D structure of a protein?
61
what are the 4 bonds present in the tertiary structure?
-hydrogen bonds -disulfide/covalent bonds of the sulfur ions in the R-group -ionic bonds (R+----R-) -hydrophobic+hydrophillic interactions
62
what is the quaternary structure?
the overall structure of the protein, including more than one polypeptide chain and an inorganic compound
63
what is a fibrous protein?
long strands of polypeptide chains that have cross-linkages due to hydrogen bonds, they are generally insoluble in water and typically have structural roles.
64
what are globular proteins?
A class of spherical shaped proteins that are generally water soluble and typically have metabolic roles.
65
what are 3 examples of fibrous proteins?
-collagen -keratin -elastin
66
what are 3 examples of globular/conjugated proteins?
-haemoglobin -insulin (hormone that regulates blood glucose conc) -catalase (enzyme that catalyses reaction)
67
give details on haemoglobin?
-a conjugated protein (globular with prosthetic group of iron ions), that transports oxygen in the blood. -4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha globin + 2 beta globic
68
what is the formula and type of ion of SODIUM?
Na+, cation (positively charged)
69
what is the formula and type of ion of HYDROGEN?
H+, cation
70
what is the formula and type of ion of CALCIUM?
Ca2+, cation
71
what is the formula and type of ion of PHOSPHATE?
PO4 3-, anion (negatively charged)
72
what is the formula and type of ion of HYDROXIDE?
OH-, anion
73
what is the formula and type of ion of CHLORIDE?
Cl-, anion
74
what is the formula and type of ion of HYDROGEN CARBONATE?
HCO3-, anion
75
what is the formula and type of ion of NITRATE?
NO3-, anion
76
what is the formula and type of ion of AMMONIUM?
NH4+, cation
77
what is the formula and type of ion of POTASSIUM?
K+, cation
78
what does SAFES stand for based on globular and fibrous proteins?
Shape Amino Acid sequence Function Examples Solubility
79
what is collagen?
an insoluble fibrous protein.
80
what is the function + properties. of collagen?
-flexible structural protein forming connective tissue -great tensile strength, due to the many hydrogen bonds within the triple helix structure -strength, provided by the staggered ends -stable, due to high proportion of two amino acids (R groups repel)
81
why is collagen insoluble?
long length, means that it takes ages/too long to dissolve in water
82
what test is used for proteins?
biuret test
83
what test is used for reducing/non-reducing sugars?
benedict's test
84
what test is used for reducing sugars?
reagent test strip
85
what test is used for starch?
iodine test
86
what test is used for lipid?
emulsion test
87
how do you work out the Rf value when using chromatography?
distance moved by solute / distance moved by solvent.
88
what is chromatography used for?
to separate the contents within a mixture, separate biological molecules/compounds. eg- separation of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and nucleic acids.
89
give details on keratin?
-fibrous protein -present in hair, nails and skin -sulfur-containing amino acids, so strong disulfide bonds -strong, flexible and insoluble
90
give details on elastin?
-fibrous protein in elastic fibres -present in wall of blood vessels + alveoli -give structures flexibility to expand when needed but also to return to normal size -made from stretchy molecule called tropoelastin

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions