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Biology Year 1 > 2.1.2- Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2- Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what are polymers?

A

molecules made from monomers that have joined together

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2
Q

what are monomers?

A

small units that make up larger molecules
eg-amino acids

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3
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

the elimination of water molecule to join monomers by chemical bonds

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4
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

when water is added to a reaction to break a chemical bond between two molecules

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5
Q

what are the 5 properties of water?

A

-cohesion
-high specific heat capacity
-reactant/metabolite
-good solvent/transport medium
-coolant/high latent heat capicity

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6
Q

what type of molecule is water, and what charges are each atom, with which bonds?

A

molecule= polar molecule (there is an unequal spread of electrons, so partial changes within the molecule)
atom charge= H+ O-
bonds= hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

what chemical elements make up carbohydrates?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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8
Q

what chemical elements make up lipids?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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9
Q

what chemical elements make up proteins?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-sulfur

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10
Q

what chemical elements make up nucleic acids?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus

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11
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

a single simple sugar that contains carbon, hydrogen + oxygen in ratio 1:2:1

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12
Q

what is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

A

Cn (H2O)n

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13
Q

give details on the hexose monosaccharide GLUCOSE

A

-hexose sugar
-C6H12O6
-energy source, respiratory substrate
-alpha and beta

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14
Q

whats the difference in structure between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

-alpha= OH sticks down
-beta= OH sticks up

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15
Q

what is an example of a pentose monosaccharide?

A

RIBOSE

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16
Q

what is ribose?

A

a pentose sugar found in dna, rna + atp

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17
Q

what is the difference between pentose + hexose?

A

hexose=contains 6 carbons
pentose= contains 5 carbons

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18
Q

what makes up sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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19
Q

what makes up lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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20
Q

what makes up maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

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21
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides bonded together through a condensation reaction (broken by hydrolysis)

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22
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

lots of saccharides joined together
eg-glycogen, starch, cellulose

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23
Q

what bonds appear between saccharides?

A

glycosidic bonds

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24
Q

what are the two types of starch?

A

1-amylose
2-amylopectin
—> starch is a mixture of these two

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25
Q

give details on amylose?

A

-unbranched
-made up of long chains of alpha glucose
-1-4 bonds
-helix shape

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26
Q

give details on amylopectin?

A

-branched
-1-4/1-6 bonds

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27
Q

what are the 4 functions of starch?

A

-compact to fit in small space
-readily hydrolysed to produce glucose when needed
-insoluble, so won’t effect water potential of cells
-unreactive/stabilised by hydrogen

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28
Q

what type of substrate is glycogen?

A

a respiratory substrate that stores energy in animals, eg-glycogen granules in liver/muscle cells

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29
Q

give some details on glycogen?

A

-made from hundreds of alpha glucose, joined with 1-4 bonds
-branched, compact shape
-can quickly be broken into glucose

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30
Q

what is the role of cellulose?

A

structural role in plants

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31
Q

give some details on cellulose?

A

-thousands of beta glucose, 1-4 bonds
-straight, unbranched, arranged in fibres
-every 2nd glucose is rotated 180 degrees

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32
Q

what are the two features of cellulose that help strengthen the cell wall?

A

-insoluble
-very strong

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33
Q

what are triglycerides made from?

A

1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids

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34
Q

what is glycerol and what makes it up?

A

an alcohol molecule, with 3 OH groups
-made from 5 hydrogens, 3 carbons and 3 OH groups

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35
Q

what are fatty acids made up from?

A

hydrocarbon chain + carboxylic acid group
-hydrocarbon chain can vary in length

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36
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

contains single carbon bonds

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37
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

contains a double carbon bond

38
Q

how are triglycerides formed?

A

-glycerol and fatty acids join through condensation, creating ester bonds

39
Q

what bonds are present in triglycerides?

A

ester bonds

40
Q

how are ester bonds broken up?

A

-through hydrolysis, creating monoglyceride glycerol and one fatty acid

41
Q

what is triglyceride formation called?

A

ESTERIFICATION

42
Q

what are the 7 properties of triglycerides?

A

-insoluble in water
-poor conductor of heat
-hydrophobic
-high energy content / g
-metabollically inert until hydrolysed
-shock absorbing
-release more water when oxidised in respiration

43
Q

what are the 5 function of triglycerides?

A

-energy store, stores energy
-insulation, tissue helps retain heat
-physical protection, cushion delicate organs
-waterproofing, of skin and fur
-metabolic water, water released in respiration

44
Q

what is cholesterol/what is it made from?

A

a small narrow, hydrophobic made from 4 carbon based rings.

45
Q

what is the function of cholesterol and what allows this to take place?

A

FUNCTION= to make membrane stronger and less fluid
-it can slot between the phospholipids in the membrane due to being small and narrow

46
Q

what does cholesterol make and what does excess mean?

A

makes= vitamin D, steroid hormones, to penetrate membranes to reach site of action
excess= gall stones and atherosclerosis.

47
Q

what are phospholipids made from?

A

2 fatty acids + phosphate head
-fatty acid tail, phosphate head

48
Q

what does the phosphate head and fatty acid tail do?

A

head= hydrophillic, soluble in water
tail= hydrophobic, orientate away from water medium, non-polar

49
Q

how do phospholipids form bilayers?

A

their bipolar nature allows molecules to form bilayers, which are a major component of cell membranes.
-in rows
-heads on top/bottom

50
Q

what are the two functions of phospholipids?

A

-creates a partially permeable membrane in cells and organelles
-makes up cell membranes

51
Q

what is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

amino group = H-N-H
variable group= R-C-H (always different)
carboxyl acid group= OH=C-OH

52
Q

what are amino acids

A

the monomer subunit/building blocks of proteins

53
Q

what are proteins?

A

polymers of monomer molecules (amino acids)

54
Q

what bonds are present in proteins?

A

peptide bonds

55
Q

what do peptide bonds (in proteins) look like?

A

O=C—N-H

56
Q

what are the four levels of the protein structure?

A

1-PRIMARY structure
2-SECONDARY structure
3-TERTIARY structure
4-QUATERNARY structure

57
Q

what is primary structure?

A

chain of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

58
Q

what is the secondary structure?

A

the coiling and pleating of parts of the polypeptide chain?
-alpha helix coil
-beta pleated sheet

59
Q

what one bond is present in the secondary structure of a protein?

A

hydrogen bonds between amino acids

60
Q

what is the tertiary structure?

A

the overall 3D structure of a protein?

61
Q

what are the 4 bonds present in the tertiary structure?

A

-hydrogen bonds
-disulfide/covalent bonds of the sulfur ions in the R-group
-ionic bonds (R+—-R-)
-hydrophobic+hydrophillic interactions

62
Q

what is the quaternary structure?

A

the overall structure of the protein, including more than one polypeptide chain and an inorganic compound

63
Q

what is a fibrous protein?

A

long strands of polypeptide chains that have cross-linkages due to hydrogen bonds, they are generally insoluble in water and typically have structural roles.

64
Q

what are globular proteins?

A

A class of spherical shaped proteins that are generally water soluble and typically have metabolic roles.

65
Q

what are 3 examples of fibrous proteins?

A

-collagen
-keratin
-elastin

66
Q

what are 3 examples of globular/conjugated proteins?

A

-haemoglobin
-insulin (hormone that regulates blood glucose conc)
-catalase (enzyme that catalyses reaction)

67
Q

give details on haemoglobin?

A

-a conjugated protein (globular with prosthetic group of iron ions), that transports oxygen in the blood.
-4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha globin + 2 beta globic

68
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of SODIUM?

A

Na+, cation (positively charged)

69
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of HYDROGEN?

A

H+, cation

70
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of CALCIUM?

A

Ca2+, cation

71
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of PHOSPHATE?

A

PO4 3-, anion (negatively charged)

72
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of HYDROXIDE?

A

OH-, anion

73
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of CHLORIDE?

A

Cl-, anion

74
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of HYDROGEN CARBONATE?

A

HCO3-, anion

75
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of NITRATE?

A

NO3-, anion

76
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of AMMONIUM?

A

NH4+, cation

77
Q

what is the formula and type of ion of POTASSIUM?

A

K+, cation

78
Q

what does SAFES stand for based on globular and fibrous proteins?

A

Shape
Amino Acid sequence
Function
Examples
Solubility

79
Q

what is collagen?

A

an insoluble fibrous protein.

80
Q

what is the function + properties. of collagen?

A

-flexible structural protein forming connective tissue
-great tensile strength, due to the many hydrogen bonds within the triple helix structure
-strength, provided by the staggered ends
-stable, due to high proportion of two amino acids (R groups repel)

81
Q

why is collagen insoluble?

A

long length, means that it takes ages/too long to dissolve in water

82
Q

what test is used for proteins?

A

biuret test

83
Q

what test is used for reducing/non-reducing sugars?

A

benedict’s test

84
Q

what test is used for reducing sugars?

A

reagent test strip

85
Q

what test is used for starch?

A

iodine test

86
Q

what test is used for lipid?

A

emulsion test

87
Q

how do you work out the Rf value when using chromatography?

A

distance moved by solute / distance moved by solvent.

88
Q

what is chromatography used for?

A

to separate the contents within a mixture, separate biological molecules/compounds.
eg- separation of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and nucleic acids.

89
Q

give details on keratin?

A

-fibrous protein
-present in hair, nails and skin
-sulfur-containing amino acids, so strong disulfide bonds
-strong, flexible and insoluble

90
Q

give details on elastin?

A

-fibrous protein in elastic fibres
-present in wall of blood vessels + alveoli
-give structures flexibility to expand when needed but also to return to normal size
-made from stretchy molecule called tropoelastin

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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