Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Year 1 > 4.2.1- Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1- Biodiversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of biodiversity?

A

the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem/habitat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three types of biodiversity?

A
  • community/ecosystem/habitat
  • species
  • genetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is habitat biodiversity?

A

the range of different ecosystems or habitats within a particular area or region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does the number of habitats affect the biodiversity?

A

large number of habitats= high biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is species diversity?

A

the number of different species in an ecosystem, and also the evenness of abundance across the different species present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what 3 factors are included within species diversity?

A
  • species richness= the number of species
  • species abundance= the number of individuals
  • species evenness= the range of species/a measure of the relative numbers/abundance in each species.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is genetic biodiversity?

A

diversity of alleles and genes in the genome of species, it is the genetic variation that exists within a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why can differences in genetic biodiversity occur?

A

-two populations occupy slightly different ranges in their habitat, so are subject to slightly different selection pressures that affect the allele frequencies in their populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can species do with one another?

A

-2 organisms that reproduce together to create fertile offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where do genes sit within genetic diversity?

A

-genes occupy a locus position in chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do you work out the proportion of polymorphic gene loci?

A

-number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci investigated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do you work out genetic diversity?

A
  • work out the proportion of genes that have more than one form of genes/allele
  • work out how many possible alleles each gene has
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is sampling?

A

the process collecting data from sites/people, in order to obtain perspective on a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a sample?

A

a small group from a population, limited number of things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two types of sampling, and explain them?

A
  • random= involves selecting individuals by chance, and so every individual in a population has an equal chance, no bias
  • non-random= sample taken is chosen, it can be divided into 3 techniques (opportunistic, stratified, systematic), could be bias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is random sampling often used to estimate?

A

the distribution and abundance of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is used to observe random sampling and how does it work?

A
  • quadrats, marked on sampled area
  • laid randomly to avoid bias, grid format, each grid has a given number
  • number generator chooses number for points that will be sampled
  • once the quadrat has been laid on the chosen sample point the abundance or percentage cover of all the different species present can be recorded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are quadrats useful for?

A

sampling plants and slow-moving animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 5 random-sampling techniques for animals?

A
  • pooter
  • sweep net
  • tree beating
  • pitfall traps
  • kick sampling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is Simpson’s Index of Diversity used for?

A

the species diversity of a habitat, from the abundance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is Simpson’s Index of Diversity equation?

A

D= 1 - (sum of (n/N) ^2 )

22
Q

what values does the index of diversity always fall between and what do they mean?

A
  • always fall between 0 and 1
  • near 1 = high levels of biodiversity
  • near 0 = low levels of biodiversity
23
Q

what are the 3 main factors that affect biodiversity, all caused by human?

A
  • human population growth
  • agriculture/monoculture
  • climate change
24
Q

what are the 3 types of non-random sampling used for plants?

A
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
  • systematic
25
Q

what is opportunistic sampling?

A

the use of organisms that are conveniently available

26
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A
  • population can be divided into a number of strata (sub-cultures), based on characteristics
  • random sample is then taken from each of these srata, proportional to it’s size (bigger the strata= more samples)
27
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A
  • different areas within an overall habitat are identified, in which are then sampled separately
  • LINE TRANSECT= involves marking a line along the ground between 2 poles and taking samples at a specified point
  • BELT TRANSECT= provides info in more detail, with two parallel lines being marked, samples taken of the area between the two lines.
28
Q

what is species richness?

A

a measure of the number of different species within a given area.
-more species in an area = greater richness

29
Q

what is species evenness?

A

a measure of the relative abundance of the different species within a given area
-an area in which all the species have similar abundances will have a greater species evenness

30
Q

how do you measure species richness?

A

count the number of different species present

31
Q

how do you measure species evenness?

A

count the number of different species present and the number of individuals of each species

32
Q

what is a gene pool?

A

comprised of all the alleles of all the genes within a species

33
Q

how is the size of a gene pool increased?

A

when there is genetic differences/diversity between populations of the same species
-this may be because the two populations occupy slightly different ranges in their habitat and so are subject to slightly different selection pressures that affect the allele frequencies in their populations

34
Q

what does a larger gene pool help the population to do?

A
  • helps them adapt

- helps them to survive changes within the environment

35
Q

what are the 3 ways in which genetic diversity can be assessed?

A
  • proportion of polymorphic gene loci (number of loci that have two/more alleles)
  • proportion of the population that is heterozygous for any specific gene locus
  • Allele richness, the number of different alleles that exist for specific genes
36
Q

what is genetic polymorphism?

A

when there are two or more alleles present at a single loci

37
Q

what is polymorphic locus?

A

loci contains multiple alleles

38
Q

what does a lower proportion of polymorphic gene loci mean?

A

there is less genetic diversity

39
Q

what is an example of a suitable population to measure the polymorphic gene loci?

A

pedigree animals, eg- dog breeds

40
Q

what piece of equipment can be used to separate DNA samples from individuals, and then used to calculate the proportion of polymorphic gene loci?

A

Gel Electrophoresis

41
Q

explain how a gel electrophoresis works?

A

-

42
Q

how does human population growth affect biodiversity?

A
  • reasons for growth= improved tech, improved medicine/hygiene/healthcare
  • inc population + developed countries, requirement for natural resources incs
  • habitat destruction, land cleared for agriculture/industry and homes leads to habitat loss/fragmentation
  • overexploitation, resources being used up faster than they are made, deforestation
  • hunting, agriculture, climate change
  • more waste/pollution produced, damaging ecosystems
43
Q

what is an example of the way population growth is affecting biodiversity?

A

Fish stocks, used for human consumption are being overexploited, which is also having a knock-on effect on organisms that feed on these fish species, such as marine mammals and seabirds

44
Q

how does agriculture have an affect on biodiversity?

A
  • after ww2, change in way food was produced, more food at quicker rate
  • farms became specialised/monoculture, growing only one crop or livestock, lower levels of biodiversity
  • fields made bigger, removal of hedgerow/draining wetland, removal of habitats
  • increased use of fertiliser/pesticides, can leach into waterways, causing damage, and killing non-target species
  • altering habitats, eutrophication, nitrate pollution, inability to adapt to changing conditions, subject to disease
45
Q

how does climate change have an affect on biodiversity?

A
  • leads to weather patterns changing and creating higher frequency of extreme weather events
  • occuring too fast for species to adapt, and so many are becoming extinct (major decline in biodiversity)
  • global warming causes species to move towards poles, however they are unable to compete against species already present, decreased biodiversity
  • plants cannot move or change their distributions fast enough, extinction, migration not possible
  • human generated CO2 in atmosphere dissolved in sea water, which lowers it’s pH, affecting organisms that need the calcium carbonate for shells
  • increased ocean temps, higher frequency of coral-bleaching, organisms leave coral due to stress, coral dies, loss of reefs/biodiversity
  • warmer/drier climate, rising sea levels reduces land area, more frequent flooding affects terrestrial ecosystems
46
Q

what is IN SITU conservation?

A

maintaining species within their natural habitats.

eg- wildlife reserves, marine conservation zones

47
Q

what is EX SITU conservation?

A

the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitat.
eg-seed banks, zoos, botanic gardens

48
Q

what are 4 benefits of in-situ conservation?

A
  • healthy environment
  • sustainable use of natural environment
  • secure environmental future
  • enjoyment of natural environment
49
Q

what are the 3 reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • ecological
  • economic
  • aesthetic
50
Q

explain the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • biodiversity has an effect on the stability of an ecosystem, more diverse= more able to survive/adapt to environmental changes
  • keystone species have an effect on ecosystem (a species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment). If these species are lost, there are several negative knock-on-effects.
51
Q

explain the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • ecosystems have an economic value
  • medicines orientated from plants + funghi
  • ecotourism = source of income
  • contribute to field of science + technology
52
Q

explain the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • humans find pleasure/joy in nature, so want to preserve it
  • inspiration for creatives
  • strong argument for maintaining biodiversity and protecting landscapes due to their beauty.

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions