4.2.1 Biodiversity

Question 1

what’s a species?

Answer 1

breed to produce fertile offspring

Question 2

what’s a habitat?

Answer 2

area where individuals in a species live

Question 3

what’s biodiversity?

Answer 3

• the variety of life
• the variety of ecosystems
• the number of species

Question 4

why should random sampling be used when measuring no. of individuals in a species?

Answer 4

to avoid bias

Question 5

how can you do random sampling?

Answer 5

• select coordinates on a map
• generate random numbers from a computer to plot coordinates

Question 6

what are the conditions of sampling?

Answer 6

• must represent the area
• calculate the mean
• avoid recounting same plant
• sample at diff times of the day

Question 7

how do you use a belt transect?

Answer 7

• use a quadrat
• count no. of organisms of each species
• use a method to avoid recounting
• calculate a mean
• repeat at diff times of the year

Question 8

how would you sample a field?

Answer 8

• use 2 tape measures to make a grid
• generate random coordinates
• use quadrat at coordinates to count no. of individuals of each species
• avoid recounting same plant
• sample at diff times of the year

Question 9

how would you do stratified sampling?

Answer 9

• use belt transect
• use a quadrat in each strata
• count no. of organisms of each species
• use an identification key
• avoid recounting same plants
• calculate a mean
• repeat at diff times of year

Question 10

how would you sample animals?

Answer 10

• use a standardised, systematic procedure
• oppurtunity sampling
• sweep net
• collecting from trees

Question 11

what is species richness?

Answer 11

no. of different species in a given area

Question 12

what’s species evenness?

Answer 12

measure of relative abundance of each species in an area

Question 13

what does a high simpsons index look like?

Answer 13

close to the number 1

Question 14

what does a high simpsons index show?

Answer 14

• high biodiversity
• ecosystem is likely to withstand a change

Question 15

what does a low simpsons index show?

Answer 15

• change in one species likely to affect whole habitat
• ecosystem unlikely to withstand a change

Question 16

how have humans decreased biodiversity?

Answer 16

• habitat loss e.g deforestation
• killing for protection e.g mosquitos
• hunting
• pollution, species can be killed

Question 17

how does climate change decrease biodiversity?

Answer 17

• rise of temperatures, loss of habitat
• sea levels rising
• forest fires, loss of habitat

Question 18

how does monoculture decrease biodiversity?

Answer 18

• land is cleared to make way for large fields, reducing habitat diversity
• naturally occurring plants are seen as weeds and so destroyed, reducing genetic diversity

Question 19

what are the three different factors to maintain biodiversity?

Answer 19

1. ecological
2. economical
3. aesthetic 🎀

Question 20

what are some economic reasons to maintain biodiversity?

Answer 20

• ecotourism, people will travel to see different animals and plants
• source of medicine
• purpose of scientific research
• to reduce soil depletion, less spent on fertilisers and more and better crops made, more money made

Question 21

what are some ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity?

Answer 21

1. to protect keystone species
   —> plays a crucial role in how an ecosystem functions
   —> prevent disruption of food chain
   —> prevent disruption of nutrient cycles
2. maintain genetic resources
   —> food and drink from plants and animals
   —> clothing from animals
   —> drugs from plants

Question 22

what are some aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

Answer 22

• beautiful to look at
• enjoyed by future generations

Question 23

what’s in situ reservation?

Answer 23

protecting animals and plants in their natural habitat

Question 24

what’s ex situ conservation?

Answer 24

protecting animals and plants away from their natural habitat

Question 25

why is it better to store seeds than adult plants?

Answer 25

- produced in **excess** - can be **collected without damage to plant** - takes up **little space** - **store a large number** - **cheaper** to **transport** - **less susceptible** to **disease** - stores great **genetic diversity**

Question 26

what’s an advantage of in situ conservations?

Answer 26

- **more likely to survive** in the wild - can **protect the whole population** - **less disruption** to animals lives

Question 27

what are disadvantages of in situ conservation?

Answer 27

- **hard to enforce bans** on **hunters** - **no protection** from **climate change** - **no protection** from **predation**

Question 28

what are the advantages of ex situ conservations?

Answer 28

- **feeds animals** well - **protected from hunters** - reduced **young mortality** - reduced **infraspecific competition**

Question 29

what are the disadvantages of ex situ conservations?

Answer 29

- can be **expensive to set up** - **breeding** can be **less successful** - can **only care for small numbers** - **less ethical** to **cage animals**

Question 30

what are the 3 conservation agreements?

Answer 30

- CITES - CBD - CSS

Question 31

what does CITES stand for?

Answer 31

convention on international trade in endangered species

Question 32

what does CITES do?

Answer 32

- **regulate and monitor trade** in **selected species** - **ensure trade** in animals **does not threaten wild populations** - **prohibit commercial trade** of wild **plants** - **less endangered animals** can be **traded**

Question 33

what does CBD stand for?

Answer 33

rio convention on biological diversity

Question 34

what does CBD do?

Answer 34

- **share genetic resources** - share **scientific knowledge** - **promote ex situ** conservation - **international cooperation** on diversity issues

Question 35

what does CSS stand for?

Answer 35

countryside stewardship scheme

Question 36

what does CSS teach?

Answer 36

- **sustainable beauty** of **countryside** - **improve habitats** for **animals** - provide **bins**

Question 37

when is species evenness low?

Answer 37

when there’s a **large number of some species** but **only a few number** of **other species**