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(ocr a) biology a level > 2.1.6 Cell Division > Flashcards

2.1.6 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of a guard cell?

A

to open and close the stomata

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2
Q

what are the adaptations of guard cells?

A
  1. pores
    —> enables gas exchange
  2. thin outer walls and thick inner walls
    —> force guard cells to bend outwards, opening stomata
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3
Q

what is the function of root hair cells?

A

absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

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4
Q

what are the adaptations of root hair cells?

A
  1. large SA
    —> more water absorbed
  2. permeable cell wall
    —> entry of water and ions
  3. extra mitochondria
    —> provide energy for active transport
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5
Q

what is the function of palisade cells?

A

do most of photosynthesis

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6
Q

what are the adaptations of palisade cells?

A
  1. many chloroplasts
    —> so a lot of sunlight is absorbed
  2. thin walls
    —> faster rate of diffusion for co2
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7
Q

what is the function of erythrocytes?

A

carries oxygen in the blood

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8
Q

what are the adaptations of erythrocytes?

A
  1. biconcave disk shape
    —> provides large SA for gas exchange
  2. no nucleus
    —> more room for more haemoglobin
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9
Q

what is the function of a neutrophil?

A

defends body against diseases

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10
Q

what are the adaptations of neutrophils?

A
  1. flexible
    —> allows engulfing of pathogens
  2. many lysosomes
    —> digestive enzymes to break down pathogens
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11
Q

what are the adaptations of sperm cells?

A
  1. flagellum
    —> to swim
  2. lots of mitochondria
    —> energy provided to swim
  3. acrosome
    —> contains digestive enzymes which enables egg penetration
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12
Q

which processes must occur in a cell during interphase before mitosis can take place?

A
  • protein synthesis
  • dna replication
  • centrioles replication
  • synthesis of organelles
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13
Q

what are two ways cell division in plants differs from cell division in animals ?

A
  • no centrioles in plant
  • cell wall forms in plant
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14
Q

where are two parts in a plant where meristematic tissue can be found

A
  • tip of root
  • tip of shoot
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15
Q

what is G1 in interphase?

A
  • growth of cells
  • growth of organelles
  • protein synthesis
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16
Q

what’s G2 phase?

A
  • growth of cells
  • growth of organelles
  • protein synthesis
  • spindle begins to form
17
Q

what is the S phase?

A
  • DNA replication
  • full copy of DNA
18
Q

what does the G0 checkpoint do?

A

cell leaves cycle either permanently or temporarily because:

  • it has fully differentiated
  • DNA repairing
19
Q

what happens at G1 checkpoint?

A

cell checks if chemicals needed for DNA replication are present and checks if DNA is damaged before entering S

20
Q

what happens at G2 checkpoint?

A
  • checks for a mutation in the DNA
  • daughter cells might not receive identical genetic information
  • proteins might not function
21
Q

why does mitosis occur?

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • repair of damaged tissues
  • growth of an organism
22
Q

what happens in prophase?

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • chromosomes condense
  • centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell forming a spindle fibre
23
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A
  • spindle fibres attach to centromeres on chromosome
  • chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
24
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A
  • centromeres divide, separating each pairs of sister chromatids
  • spindle contracts, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
25
Q

what happens in telophase?

A
  • nuclear envelope begins to form
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • spindle fibres break down
  • cell surface membrane undergoes cytokinesis
26
Q

how do you do the tip squash experiment?

A
  1. heat plant sample in acid
    —> breaks down cell wall
  2. stain sample
    —> contrast provided
    —> chromosomes more visible
  3. squash the sample
    —> make sample 1 cell thick
    —> so light can pass through the sample
27
Q

what does multipotent mean?

A

cells that can produce a limited range of cell types

28
Q

how do cells differentiate?

A
  • lose cytoplasm and organelles
  • end cells between cells disappear
29
Q

what features are not in mature xylem cells?

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
30
Q

why are onion root tips used to view cells and undergoing mitosis?

A
  • is a meristem
  • no chlorophyll present
31
Q

what are characteristics of stem cells that are useful?

A
  • can differentiate into other cell types
  • can divide an unlimited amount of times
  • can replace unhealthy cells

(ocr a) biology a level (6 decks)

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