4.1.1 Diseases, Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
what is an immune response?
A
response to an antigen which involves lymphocytes and production of antibodies
2
Q
how is TB spread and what causes it?
A
- caused by a bacterium
- spread through droplets of water in the air released through coughing then inhaled
3
Q
how is bacterial meningitis spread?
A
- caused by bacteria
- spread through touch (eg kissing)
4
Q
how is ring rot transmitted in potato’s and tomato’s?
A
- through insects, a vector
- indirect transmission
- protoctists
5
Q
what does HIV stand for?
A
human immunodeficiency virus
6
Q
what does aids stand for?
A
autoimmune deficiency
7
Q
what does HIV do and how does it lead to AIDS?
A
- destroys T helper cells in the immune system
- resistance to infection is lowered
- less antibodies produced
- opportunistic infections (eg a cold) can eventually kill the person
8
Q
how is influenza spread and caused?
A
- caused by a virus
- spread by coughs and sneezes in the air
- also by $*touching contaminated surfaces**
- direct and indirect transmission
9
Q
how is tobacco mosaic virus spread?
A
- caused by RNA virus
- spread through leaves of different plants rubbing together
- direct transmission
10
Q
how is malaria caused and spread?
A
- caused by an animal vector
- carried in salivary glands and mosquito feeds on a human by biting them
- plasmodium then infects liver cells and erythrocytes causing disruption to blood flow in vital organs
11
Q
how is potato/tomato late blight caused and spread?
A
- caused by protoctists
- spread by water
- indirect contact
12
Q
how is ring worm caused and spread?
A
- caused by fungi
- spread by direct contact
13
Q
how is athletes foot caused and spread?
A
- caused by fungi
- spread by direct contact with skin particles in shoe, ground etc.
14
Q
how is black sigatoka caused and spread?
A
- caused by fungus
- spread through spores carried in wind and water
15
Q
why are there disulphide bridges in antibodies?
A
to hold polypeptides
16
Q
what’s autoimmune disease?
A
- abnormal immune response
- immune system attacks your body’s tissues
17
Q
why is donating antibodies artificial and passive?
A
- it is injected — artificial
- patient is not producing antibodies actively — passive
18
Q
what is health?
A
- free from diseases
- physical and mental wellbeing
19
Q
what’s a parasite?
A
- organism that lives in and harms a host
- feeds off the host
20
Q
how do bacteria work?
A
- cause diseases by releasing toxins
- reproduces fast
21
Q
how does fungi work?
A
- lives in skin
- sends out reproductive hyphae
22
Q
how do viruses work?
A
- invade cells and take over genetic machinery of cell
- cell then makes more copies of the virus
23
Q
how do protoctista work?
A
enters host cells and feeds on the contents
24
Q
what’s a physical defence of plants and how does it help?
A
- callose
- in cell walls and has lignin which makes a thicker barrier for pathogens
- blocks sieve tube end plates in phloem
- blocks plasmodesmata between infected cells
25
what are some chemical defences in plants?
1. tannins
—> **bitter taste**
2. antibacterial compounds
—> **disrupt membrane** of bacteria
3. antifungal compounds
—> **enzymes** released to **break down chitin** in cell walls
26
what are some primary non specific defences in animals?
1. skin
—> acts as a **barrier**
2. goblet cells
—> produces **mucus**
—> **traps microorganisms** which are then **destroyed**
3. stomach acid
—> **low pH**
4. **lysosome in tears**
27
what’s the process of blood clotting?
1. **tissue** is **damaged**
2. **platelets** released
3. **thrombopastin**
4. **thrombin**
5. **dried** to form a **scab**
6. **bleeding prevented**
28
how does inflammation work?
- histamines
- **arterioles dilate**
- more **tissue fluid** forms
- more fluid **enters lymphatic system**
- **cytokines** also formed
29
describe phagocytosis
1. **pathogen is engulfed** by **endocytosis**
2. **phagosome** is formed
3. **lysosome fuses** with phagosome and **digestive enzymes break down pathogen**
4. **antigen presenting cell** is formed
30
what cells does the cell mediated and humoural response involve?
cell mediated —> T cells
humeral —> B cells
(humour = **B**ITCHHH UR SO FUNNY)
31
what’s herd vaccination?
**high %** of people have **immunity**
32
what’s ring vaccination?
**most vulnerable** are protected
33
describe the structure of an antibody
- it’s a **protein**
- **4 polypeptide** chains, **2 light and 2 heavy**
- has a **variable region** which is **complimentary to a specific antigen**
- **more** than **1 variable region**
- **hinge region** which allows it or bind to **more than 1 antigen**
- **constant region** which allows it to **find phagocytes**
34
what do opsonins do?
- **increases chance** of **phagocytosis**
- by **binding to antigen** on pathogen
35
what does agglutination do?
- **antibodies clump** together **many pathogens**
- makes them **too large to enter host cell** and **increases chance of phagocytosis**
36
what does neutralisation do?
- antibodies **cover binding sites** on the **pathogen**
- **prevents entry** into **host cell**
37
what’s examples of autoimmune disease?
- lupus
- arthritis
- type 1 diabetes
38
why is it beneficial to vaccinate populations?
- so there’s **little impact on economy** (ppl ok to work)
- **cheaper to prevent** a disease **than to treat** an ill person (cheap ahh)
39
why are new flu vaccines generated each year?
- **diff strains** of the virus
- diff strains have **diff antigens**
- **antibody needs to match** the **new antigen**
40
what are some examples of medicines with plant sources?
1. penicillin
—> from a **mould**
—> antibiotic
2. aspirin
—> **willow bark**
—> painkiller
41
why’s it important to maintain biodiversity in terms of medicine?
- **increase gene pool**
- **more sources** of potential medicines
- many plants **yet to be discovered**
42
what are some benefits of antibiotics?
- saves lives
- preserves biodiversity
43
what is a risk of antibiotics?
- **C. difficile**
- stomach pain
- diarrhoea
- inflammation
44
outline an experiment to investigate effect of temp on callose production
- use a **range of different temps**
- keep **type of plant** the same
- keep **light intensity** the same
- maintain **aseptic** conditions
- **use microscope** to measure callose levels
- take **tissue samples**
- use a **stain**
45
what do cytokines do?
attract phagocytes
46
outline the processes that lead to the production of antibodies against an unfamiliar bacterium
- B cells **carry antibody** on surface **specific to only one antigen**
- B cells **divide by mitosis**
- forms **plasma cells**
47
how do T helper cells speed up antibody production?
- release **cytokines/interleukins**
- stimulates **B cell mitosis**
48
how will the immune system deal with different strains of toxins produced?
- **each toxin** has **different amino acid sequence**
- toxins are **antigens**
- **immune system** is **determined by shape of antigen**
- **antigen presenting cells** ingest antigens and display in their surface
- **B cells** activated by **T helper cells**
- **clonal selection** and **clonal expansion** takes place
- **differentiate into plasma cells** which **produce antibodies**
49
how can genes and environment both cause animals to vary in specific immune responses?
genes:
- **inherit genes** that **code for antibodies**
- **diff alleles** code for **diff antibody** versions
- **mutation** produces **new alleles**
environment:
- exposure to diff pathogens determines **immune response**
- **vaccinations** produce **primary immune response**
- **poor diet** can **weaken immune system**
