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PSYCHOLOGY > 4.2.1 APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

4.2.1 APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

outline the assumptions of the humanistic approach

A

everyone is unique
everyone has free will and are self determining
everyone wants to reach their full potential

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2
Q

what does the humanistic approach describe people as

A

active agents : affected by internal and external forces but ultimately determine their own development

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3
Q

is the humanistic approach objective or subjective

A

subjective

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4
Q

who created the hierarchy of needs

A

maslow

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5
Q

how does a person progress through the hierarchy of needs

A

a person must meet the current need before progressing through and reaching self actualisation

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6
Q

what are the levels of the hierarchy of needs

A

self-actualisation
esteem needs
belongingness and love needs
safety needs
physiological needs

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7
Q

define self actualisation

A

the desire to grow psychologically and reach full potential
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice

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8
Q

what did rogers suggest in relation to personal growth

A

for personal growth to be achieved, a persons self-concept must be broadly equivalent to, or have congruence to, their ideal self

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9
Q

what type of therapy does the humanistic approach support

A

client centred therapy

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10
Q

why do people have low self esteem

A

roots in childhood, including lack of unconditional positive regard

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11
Q

define unconditional positive regard

A

showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does

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12
Q

outline attributes of client centred therapy

A

therapy is not ‘directive’ and the client is encouraged towards the discovery of their own solutions within a warm and non-judgemental environment
therapists should provide: genuineness, empathy and UPR
the aim is to increase the person’s feelings of self-worth, reduce incongruence and help the person become a fully functioning person

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13
Q

outline the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A

behaviour is controlled by unconscious forces
personality and behaviour are determined by childhood experiences
closely associated with the work of freud

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14
Q

what does the unconscious mind contain

A

threatening and disturbing, repressed memories

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15
Q

how can the unconscious mind be accessed

A

through dreams and slips of the tounge

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16
Q

what does the preconscious mind contain

A

thoughts and memories which are not currently in conscious awareness

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17
Q

how did freud describe the structure of personality

A

a tripartite

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18
Q

outline the three attributes of the structure of personality

A

id
ego
superego

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19
Q

what is the id

A

pleasure principle
entirely selfish and demands instant gratification
mainly present at birth

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20
Q

what is the ego

A

reality principle
mediator between the id and superego
reduces conflict between demands using defence mechanisms
develops at age 2

21
Q

what is the superego

A

morality principle
represents moral standards of same-sex parent and punishes ego through guilt
develops around age 5

22
Q

name the four defence mechanisms

A

repression
denial
displacement
regression

23
Q

define defence mechanisms and what they are used for

A

unconscious mechanisms which prevent the ego being overwhelmed by temporary threats and trauma

24
Q

name the five psychosexual stages

A

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

25
Q

how do you progress through psychosexual stages

A

a child must resolve the specific conflict the stage is marked with

26
Q

describe the oral stage

A

focus of pleasure is the mouth
mothers breast is the object of desire

27
Q

what are the consequences of an unresolved oral stage

A

oral fixation: smoking, nail biting
sarcastic and critical

28
Q

describe the anal stage

A

focus of pleasure is the anus
child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling

29
Q

what are the consequences of an unresolved anal stage

A

anal retentive: perfectionist, obsessive
anal expulsive: thoughtless, messy

30
Q

describe the phallic stage

A

focus of pleasure is the genital area
child experiences the oedipus or electra complex

31
Q

what are the consequences of an unresolved phallic stage

A

narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual

32
Q

describe the latency stage

A

earlier conflicts are repressed

33
Q

describe the genital stage

A

sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty

34
Q

what are the consequences of an unresolved genital stage

A

difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

35
Q

describe the oedipus complex

A

the attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex
accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings towards the same sex parent

36
Q

describe the electra complex

A

the female version of the oedipus complex

37
Q

outline the assumptions of the biological approach

A

the mind lives in the brain
all thoughts, feelings and behaviours have a physical basis
everything physiological is biological

38
Q

what is neurochemistry

A

the action of chemicals in the brain

39
Q

what is the result of an imbalance of serotonin in the brain

A

ocd
depression
aggression

40
Q

what is the result of imbalance of dopamine

A

schizophrenia

41
Q

how do we study whether physiological traits are inherited

A

concordance rates in twin studies

42
Q

what are the concordance rates for ocd

A

68% MZ
31% DZ

43
Q

who studied concordance rates for ocd

A

nesdadt et al

44
Q

what are the concordance rates for schizophrenia

A

48% MZ
17% DZ

45
Q

who studied concordance rates for schizophrenia

A

gottesman

46
Q

define genotype

A

a persons actual genetic makeup

47
Q

define phenotype

A

the way genes are expressed through physical, behavioural, and psychological characteristics

48
Q

outline darwins theory of natural selection

A

any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival and will continue into future generations

PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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