4.2.1 APPROACHES IN PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
outline the assumptions of the humanistic approach
everyone is unique
everyone has free will and are self determining
everyone wants to reach their full potential
what does the humanistic approach describe people as
active agents : affected by internal and external forces but ultimately determine their own development
is the humanistic approach objective or subjective
subjective
who created the hierarchy of needs
maslow
how does a person progress through the hierarchy of needs
a person must meet the current need before progressing through and reaching self actualisation
what are the levels of the hierarchy of needs
self-actualisation
esteem needs
belongingness and love needs
safety needs
physiological needs
define self actualisation
the desire to grow psychologically and reach full potential
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice
what did rogers suggest in relation to personal growth
for personal growth to be achieved, a persons self-concept must be broadly equivalent to, or have congruence to, their ideal self
what type of therapy does the humanistic approach support
client centred therapy
why do people have low self esteem
roots in childhood, including lack of unconditional positive regard
define unconditional positive regard
showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does
outline attributes of client centred therapy
therapy is not ‘directive’ and the client is encouraged towards the discovery of their own solutions within a warm and non-judgemental environment
therapists should provide: genuineness, empathy and UPR
the aim is to increase the person’s feelings of self-worth, reduce incongruence and help the person become a fully functioning person
outline the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach
behaviour is controlled by unconscious forces
personality and behaviour are determined by childhood experiences
closely associated with the work of freud
what does the unconscious mind contain
threatening and disturbing, repressed memories
how can the unconscious mind be accessed
through dreams and slips of the tounge
what does the preconscious mind contain
thoughts and memories which are not currently in conscious awareness
how did freud describe the structure of personality
a tripartite
outline the three attributes of the structure of personality
id
ego
superego
what is the id
pleasure principle
entirely selfish and demands instant gratification
mainly present at birth
what is the ego
reality principle
mediator between the id and superego
reduces conflict between demands using defence mechanisms
develops at age 2
what is the superego
morality principle
represents moral standards of same-sex parent and punishes ego through guilt
develops around age 5
name the four defence mechanisms
repression
denial
displacement
regression
define defence mechanisms and what they are used for
unconscious mechanisms which prevent the ego being overwhelmed by temporary threats and trauma
name the five psychosexual stages
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
how do you progress through psychosexual stages
a child must resolve the specific conflict the stage is marked with
describe the oral stage
focus of pleasure is the mouth
mothers breast is the object of desire
what are the consequences of an unresolved oral stage
oral fixation: smoking, nail biting
sarcastic and critical
describe the anal stage
focus of pleasure is the anus
child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling
what are the consequences of an unresolved anal stage
anal retentive: perfectionist, obsessive
anal expulsive: thoughtless, messy
describe the phallic stage
focus of pleasure is the genital area
child experiences the oedipus or electra complex
what are the consequences of an unresolved phallic stage
narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual
describe the latency stage
earlier conflicts are repressed
describe the genital stage
sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty
what are the consequences of an unresolved genital stage
difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
describe the oedipus complex
the attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex
accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings towards the same sex parent
describe the electra complex
the female version of the oedipus complex
outline the assumptions of the biological approach
the mind lives in the brain
all thoughts, feelings and behaviours have a physical basis
everything physiological is biological
what is neurochemistry
the action of chemicals in the brain
what is the result of an imbalance of serotonin in the brain
ocd
depression
aggression
what is the result of imbalance of dopamine
schizophrenia
how do we study whether physiological traits are inherited
concordance rates in twin studies
what are the concordance rates for ocd
68% MZ
31% DZ
who studied concordance rates for ocd
nesdadt et al
what are the concordance rates for schizophrenia
48% MZ
17% DZ
who studied concordance rates for schizophrenia
gottesman
define genotype
a persons actual genetic makeup
define phenotype
the way genes are expressed through physical, behavioural, and psychological characteristics
outline darwins theory of natural selection
any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival and will continue into future generations
