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PSYCHOLOGY > 4.1.1 SOCIAL INFLUENCE > Flashcards

4.1.1 SOCIAL INFLUENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

define conformity

A

the tendency of people to adopt the behaviour, attitudes and values of a group

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2
Q

what are the three types of conformity

A

compliance, internalisation and identification

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3
Q

define compliance as a type of conformity

A

going along with others to gain approval or avoid disapproval: publicly conform but privately disagree

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4
Q

define internalisation as a type of conformity

A

going along with others because you have accepted their point of view and it is consistent with your own: a permanent change in thinking and personal beliefs

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5
Q

define identification as a type of conformity

A

going along with others because you have accepted their point of view but only because you have a desire to be liked by them: accepting adopted behaviours as right and true but only adopting them to be accepted

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6
Q

what are the two reasons for conformity

A

normative social influence and informational social influence

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7
Q

define normative social influence

A

a person conforms to feel accepted and to have a sense of belonging in a group, conforming because it is socially rewarding or to avoid social rejection, usually occurs when around strangers or in stressful situations

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8
Q

define informational social influence

A

a person conforms to be right because we are uncertain about what is right or wrong, happens in new and crisis situations or when in present with an expert

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9
Q

what was the aim of aschs study

A

to examine the extent to which social pressure from a majority, could affect a person to conform

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10
Q

describe the procedure of aschs study

A
  • 50 american male students
  • believed they were taking part in a perception test
  • one participant with 7 confederates
  • asked to say which line was the same length
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11
Q

what were the findings of aschs study

A

36.8% conformed, 75% conformed at least once

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12
Q

why did participants in aschs conform

A

distortion of judgement, distortion of perception, distortion of action

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13
Q

what were the variations of aschs study

A

group size, unanimity, task difficulty

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14
Q

what was the aim of the stanford prison experiment

A

wanted to study brutality in prisons in 1960s america

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15
Q

describe the procedure of the stanford prison experment

A
  • 24 male volunteers
  • selected from 75 based on mental and physical stability
  • participant randomly assigned prisoner or guard
  • prisoners given numbered smocks, chains and arrested by real police
  • guards given uniforms, dark sunglasses, handcuffs and a truncheon
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16
Q

what were the findings of the stanford prison experiment

A

participants identified quickly, guards dehumanised prisoners who had become increasingly submissive, the experiment was terminated at 6 days

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17
Q

what was the conclusions made from the stanford prison experiment

A

people conform quickly to social roles, despite their morals, situational factors were largely responsible and none of the participants had previously behaved this way

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18
Q

define obedience

A

social influence in direct response to an order from another person

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19
Q

what was the aim of milgrams study into obedience

A

to investigate if in certain circumstances a normal person would give someone a potentially lethal electric shock if told to do so by an authority figure

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20
Q

who is eichmann in relation the milgrams study

A

claimed he was just obeying orders given whilst on trial for responsibility of the nazi camps, milgram considered whether germans are more obedient than other countries

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21
Q

describe the procedure of milgrams study

A

used 40 male volunteers at yale university, the participant was the teacher, asked to give an electric shock of increasing voltage each time the learner made a mistake, the teacher heard pre recorded cries of distress and at 315V went silent

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22
Q

what was the range of voltage in milgrams experiment

A

15-450V
labelled ‘slight shock’ to ‘danger: severe shock’

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23
Q

how many people went up to 300V

A

100%

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24
Q

how many people went up to 450V

A

65%

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25
Q

how many people were glad to have participated

A

84%

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26
Q

outline the behavioural findings of milgrams study

A

participants showed signs of tension
three had full blown seizures

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27
Q

outline the conclusion from milgrams study

A

ordinary people are extremely obedient to authority, even when asked to behave in an inhumane manner
it is not evil people who commit atrocities

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28
Q

ao3: what did perry do to evaluate milgrams study

A

listened to tapes of participants and discovered that many of them expressed doubts that the shocks were real

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29
Q

ao3: outline hofling et al’s study into obedience to authority

A

nurses in a hospital ward were studied and they found high levels of obedience to unjustified demands by doctors delivered over the phone, with 21/22 nurses obeying

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30
Q

outline milgram’s three proximity variations

A

variation 1: T and L in the same room
variation 2: touch proximity
variation: remote instruction, over the phone

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31
Q

outline the findings from the proximity variations

A

variation 1: T and L in the same room
40%
variation 2: touch proximity
30%
variation: remote instruction, over the phone
20.5%

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32
Q

what was the obedience rate when the teacher and learner were in the same room

A

40%

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33
Q

what was the obedience rate when the teacher and learner were in touch proximity

A

30%

34
Q

what was the obedience rate when the teacher was given remote instruction

A

20.5%

35
Q

outline milgram’s uniform variation

A

the experimenter was called away and replaced by someone dressed in everyday clothing

36
Q

outline the findings from milgram’s uniform variation

A

20%

37
Q

outline milgram’s location variation

A

location was held in a run-down office block

38
Q

outline the findings from milgram’s location variation

A

47.5%

39
Q

ao3: outline bickman’s study into the effect of uniform on obedience

A

conducted a field experiment in NYC where three confederates were dressed in different outfits - jacket and tie, a milkman’s uniform and a security guard’s uniform
they asked pedestrians to perform a small task such as pick up litter.

40
Q

ao3: outline bickman’s findings of the effect of uniform on obedience

A

participants were twice as likely to obey the assistant dressed as a security guard than the one dressed in a jacket and tie

41
Q

ao3: what did orne and holland suggest about milgram’s variations

A

claim that participants did not believe in the setup of the experiment, and this may have been more likely in his variations due to extra manipulation

42
Q

ao3: outline meeus and raaijmakers study and what this concludes about milgram’s research

A

replicated milgram’s findings of situational variables by testing obedience using a more realistic procedure on dutch participants
this suggests high external validity as conclusions are not limited to american males

43
Q

ao3: what did smith and bond suggest about milgram’s research

A

suggested that milgram’s research is not very cross-cultural as most replications of the study are conducted in western cultures that have similar notions about the role of authority

44
Q

what are milgrams situational explanations of obedience

A

agentic state
legitimacy of authority

45
Q

define the agentic state

A

obedience occurs because a person does not take responsibility for their actions, they are acting for someone else

46
Q

define moral strain

A

knowing they are doing something wrong but feel powerless to disobey

47
Q

define autonomous state

A

a person feels free to behave according to their own principles and feels a strong sense of responsibility

48
Q

what is the shift between the autonomous state and agent state called

A

agentic shift

49
Q

why may an agentic shift occur

A

when a person perceives someone else as and authority figure

50
Q

define binding factors

A

aspects of a situation that allow the person to ignore or minimise the damaging effects of their behaviour and reduce the moral strain

51
Q

what are the strategies milgram proposed as ways to reduce moral strain

A

shifting responsibility to the victim
denying the damage to the victim

52
Q

what is legitimacy of authority

A

we are more likely to obey people who we perceive to have authority over us, the authority is justified (legitimate) by the individual’s position of power within a social hierarchy

53
Q

what happened in the my lai massacre

A

504 civilians killed, buildings blew up, burned village, killed animals - defences were he was doing duty by following orders

54
Q

ao3: what did blass and schmitt find in response to situational explanations

A

asked students to watch and suggest who was responsible, most named the experimenter

55
Q

ao3: outline rank and jacobsons research into situational explanations

A

found that 16/18 nurses disobeyed orders to give an excessive drug does, despite the doctor being an obvious authority figure

56
Q

ao3: what did kilham and mann find about situational explanations

A

only 16% of australian females went to 450V in a milgram-style experiment

57
Q

ao3: what did mantle find about situational explanations

A

85% of germans went to 450V in a milgram-style experiment

58
Q

who researched dispositional explanations of obedience

A

adorno et al

59
Q

what are the dispositional explanations of obedience

A

authoritarian personality

60
Q

what are characteristics of an authoritarian personality

A

show extreme respect for authority
view society as weaker than it once was
need for strong and powerful leaders
contempt for those of inferior social status
inflexible outlook on the world

61
Q

what are the origins of an authoritarian personality

A

result of harsh parenting:
strict discipline
absolute loyalty
high standards
severe criticism
conditional love

62
Q

what is scapegoating

A

resentment cant be voiced directly against parents and so is displaced on to others perceived as weaker

63
Q

describe adorno et als procedure

A

2000 white, middle class american males
developed the fscale
participants had to agree or disagree with statements such as
‘homosexuals are hardly better than criminals and ought to be punished’

64
Q

outline adorno et als findings

A

high scores on the f scale;
identified with the strong
contemptuous of the weak
conscious of status
excessive respect and loyalty towards superiors
strong positive correlation with prejudice
fixed and distinctive stereotypes about other groups

65
Q

ao3: outline milgram and elms’ research into the authoritarian personality

A

conducted post‐experimental interviews with 20 participants who were fully obedient in milgrams original study to see if there was a link between high levels of obedience and an authoritarian personality
it was found that these obedient participants scored higher on the F‐scale in comparison to a group of 20 disobedient participants
the obedient participants were less close to their fathers during childhood

66
Q

ao3: what did green stein suggest about the fscale

A

‘comedy of methodological errors’
every item is worded in the same ‘direction’, so it is possible to get a high score by just selecting ‘agree’ answers
resulting in a response bias.

67
Q

define resistance to social influence

A

the ability of a person to withstand social pressure to conform

68
Q
A
69
Q

what are the influences on resistance to social influence

A

social support
locus of control

70
Q

what levels of conformity were there when there was a social supporter in aschs study

A

5,5%

71
Q

why does social support help resistance to influence

A

less pressure, nsi avoided

72
Q

what was the level of obedience with resisting peers in milgrams study

A

10%

73
Q

why does resisting peers help with resisting obedience

A

challenges legitimacy, reduced pressure

74
Q

define locus of control

A

perception of personal control over behaviour

75
Q

who proposed locus of control

A

rotter

76
Q

what are traits of an internal locus of control

A

believe they can control or influence events in their life

77
Q

what are the traits of an external locus of control

A

believe outside factors such as luck or fate influence events in their life

78
Q

describe the loc continuum

A

people with a high internal loc are more able to resist pressures

79
Q

ao3: how does hollands study support research into resistance to social influence

A

37% of internals did not continue to the highest shock level whereas only 23% of externals did not continue

80
Q

ao3: how does twenge et al’s study show support for resistance to social influence

A

twenge et al analysed data from american locus of control studies conducted over a 40-year period. this data showed that, over this time span, people became more resistant to obedience but also more external

81
Q
A

PSYCHOLOGY (7 decks)

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