4.2 Gut Stuff Flashcards
What is the digestive system?
Body system that digests and absorbs foods
Gastrointestinal tract (g.i)
The stomach and intestines working as one unit
Accessory organs
Organs in the digestive system that aid in digestion but are not main like the GI tract
What is digestion?
The process of making food absorbable
Mechanical digestion
The physical breakdown of food by the teeth and muscle movements in digestive system
Chemical digestion
The chemical breakdown of food by digestive enzymes and acids
Hard palate us soft palate
Hard palate is bone (in the front of the mouth), soft palate is tissue that seals off naval cavity (in back of mouth)
Oral cavity
Adapted to recipe food through ingestion and break into smaller pieces to move down the esophagus
Pharynx
Delivers food and liquids to the esophagus
Esophagus
Transports food from oral cavity to stomach
Stomach
Holds the food and mixes it w/ acid and enzymes that chemically break down food in order to absorb the nutrients
Small intestine
Absorbs nutrients from food and further breaks down food
Large intestine
Absorbs water and converts waste into stool
Colon
Parts of large intestine, moves stool
Rectum
Stores stool until removal out of anus
Anus
Detect rectal contents, controls when stool is secreted
Duodenum
First section of small intestine, absorbs iron
Jejunum
Middle section of the small intestine, absorbs sugars and acids
Ileum
Lowest section of the small intestine, absorbs left over nutrients
Cecum
Pouch that connects the small and large intestine, absorbs large volumes of water
Four parts of the colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Salivary glands
Produce saliva which breaks down food
Uvula
Secretes saliva, and blocks liquids from going into the nose
Liver
Secretes bile and absorbed nutrients from blood stream (coming from small intestine)
Pancreas
Produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protiens, insulin also produced (that regulates enzyme release)
Sphincter
Controls movement of consumed substances, liquids, and stools from body
1st sphincter
Upper esophageal sphincter
2nd sphincter
Lower esophageal sphincter
3rd sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
Appendix
Fights pathogens, and populates gut w/ beneficial bacteria
oral cavity mechanical digestion
Teeth
Oral cavity chemical digestion
Saliva/salivary amylase
Salivary amylase
Chemically breaks down carbohydrates
Tongue
Assists in food movement and speaking
Bolus
Chewed (undigested) food moving through the digestive system
Epiglottis
Blocks trachea when swallowing to insure food goes to esophagus
Esophagus and stomach mechanical digestion
Peristalsis
Peristalsis
An involuntary contraction and relaxation through out the digestive system
Esophagus and stomach chemical digestion
Acids and enzymes
Chyme
Semifluid mass of partially digested food and secretions in the stomach and moved into the duodenum for absorption
Pepsin
An enzyme that breaks down proteins. Low pH activates gastric chief cells that produce pepsin
Why don’t stomach acids burn stomach walls
They don’t burn because of the epithelial tissues covered W/ mucus
How does food move through the intestine
Peristalsis (muscle movements)
Maltese
Enzyme that breaks down glucose released by small intestine
Where are enzymes released
The duodenum
Lipase
Breaks down fats
Protease
Breaks down proteins
Amylase
Breaks down carbs and starches
Liver bile
Bile breaks down fats enter through duodenum
Bile path
Liver, pancreas ducts, duodenum, gallbladder (stores bile)
Endoscopy
Invasive procedure used to look inside the body involves inserting tube into hollow organ
Upper endoscopy
Enters through oral cavity
Colonoscopy
Enters through anus into colon
Biopsy
Procedure that removes a piece of tissue or sample of cells to be tested
Colon polyp
Small growth occurring in the dinning of colon, caused by change in cell growth (genetic on environmental) symptoms: anemia, pain, rectal bleeding
Celiac disease
Chronic condition caused by inflammatory response to digestion of gluten can lead to destruction of villi and crypt
Gastros esophageal reflux disease
Recurrent regurgitation of acidic stomach reflux, involuntary release, symptoms include burning chest sensations, sore throat, eroded teeth etc.
Peptic ulcer disease
Formation of ulcers, caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of pain-killers. Symptoms pain in abdomen, vomiting, gas etc.
Crohn’S disease
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease commonly seen in the small and large intestine. Cause scaring, etc. Symptoms: fever, cramps, diarrhea etc.
Whipple’S disease
Infections disease caused by tropheryma whipplei (type of bacteria), enters through mouth then enters the blood stream. Causes diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption, etc. Treat w/ anti-biotics
BMI
Measurement of body fat based on height and weight
BMR
Base line rate at which your body uses energy resting needs
TDEE
Factors level of physical activity to give accurate amount of calories each day. (Total daily energy expenditure) basically resting plus exercise
