42-60 Flashcards
Watering & feeding interval, journey times & resting periods: Domestic equidae, domestic animals of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine species
- Not exceed 8 hr (only if req are met)
- Unweaned animals must be fed after 9hr travel (with an hour travel), then travel another 9 hr
- Pigs: can be transported for 24 hr w/water
- Eq: after 24 hr, they need an hr break.
- all other animals, break after 14 hr
If very long travel animals must be unloaded for at least 24 hr
Poultry:
o 12 hours disregarding loading and unloading time; or
o 24 hours for chicks of all species, provided that it is completed within 72 (3 days)
hours after hatching.
Ca/Fe: must be fed at least once a day and water every 8
Protection during killing: General
New Council regulation (1099/2009, applied from 2013)
o Every year nearly 360 million pigs, sheep, goats and cattle as well as several billion poultry are killed in EU slaughterhouses.
o The European fur industry adds another 25 million animals to the figure.
o Hatcheries kill around 330 million day-old-chicks (females/males selected and killed based on broiler or layer production)
o The control of contagious diseases may also require the killing of thousands to
millions of animals
Protection during killing: Requirements
- electric shock only for adult cattle and pigs (max 2 sec)
- immediate slaughter of unweaned, injured or sick
- personell skill
Protection during killing: Prohibited
- Suspending or hoisting conscious animals;
- Mechanical clamping or tying of the legs or feet of animals (exc. poultry)
- Severing the spinal cord, such as by the use of a puntilla or dagger;
- The use of electric currents to immobilise the animal that do not stun or kill it under controlled circumstances,
Protection during killing: Stunting
- dont stunt if animal cant be bleed immediately
- Authorized:
o Captive bolt pistol
o Percussive blow to the head
o Electronarcosis: pigs and poultry
o Exposure to carbon dioxide
Pigs, sheep, goats: Obligatory!!
Humane killing: Methods, inspections and aspects
Killing methods
- Free bullet pistol or rifle
- Electrocution
- Exposure to carbon dioxide
- Other approved methods (decapitation, dislocation of the neck, vacuum chamber…)
- Overdose of anaesthesia
Inspections
- Competent authority
- Commission experts: on the spot checks
- Export from third countries into the EU: attestation certifying that the animal welfare requirements have been met: official veterinarian
Aspects of killing animals
- Welfare of the animals
- Safety of workers
- Environment protection
- Costs
- Time
Disposal: CATEGORIES
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Disinfection: Definitions
- Disinfection
- Sterilizing agent
- Sanitizers
- Antiseptics
Disinfection - destroy the infectious agents of animal diseases, including zoonoses
Sterilizing agents are used to produce total destruction of microorganisms
Sanitizers combine cleaning and disinfection, reduce bacteria to safe levels on food- or water-handling equipment
Antiseptics inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue
Disinfection: General recommendations
- dont mix
- hypochlorite’s effect decreases in prolonged storage
- ## FMD: uses pH disinf, but this can be corrosive
Disinfection: Influencing factors
- Temperature
- pH
- presence of organic materials
- composition of the surface
Disinfection: Problems
- carcinogenic
- teratogenic
- damage the environment (at least kill beneficial microbes)
Disinfection: Failure
1) Over-dilution of disinfectant during pre-mixing or application (hypochlorite needs 3%/4%, commercial is 9%)
2) Incomplete or inadequate cleaning
3) Poor disinfectant penetration or coverage
4) Insufficient contact time on surfaces
5) Inadequate temperature and humidity while the material is being applied.
Chlorine disinfectant
- ADVANTAGES: Chlorine has bleaching and germicidal properties sanitizing and water purification. In high concentrations used for sewage treatment.
- Very effective in the absence of organic material (only effective if NO organic material)
- Hypochlorites are commonly used in animal health programes. Broad spectrums of antibacterial and antiviral action. Corrosive, easily neutralized by organic material and decompose if stored for longer.
- Chlorinated lime is frequently sprinkled and made wet in barnyards and on piles of manure
Iodine disinfectant
- Animal health and food processing disinfection. Aqueous iodine (Lugol’s solution) or alcoholic iodine solutions (tinctures of iodine) used as antiseptics.
- Iodophores are combinations of iodine with carrier
compounds. Properties which affect bacteria, viruses and some spores. Used for general disinfection and cleaning bovine teat dips, and surgical scrubs. - Hard water and the presence of large amounts of organic material reduce the activity of iodophores
Sodium hydroxide (alkaline)
- In a 2% solution of sodium hydroxide is effective against many viral and bacterial diseases.
- In emergencies NaOH can still be an option, as it is readily available and extremely effective.
- Used with extreme caution and under well-controlled conditions, due to the corrosive and irritating properties, and potential dangers to the environment (metal objects) and to workers.
Calcium oxide
- When mixed with water, calcium oxide (quicklime) becomes lime wash, which has biocidal effects on some bacteria and viruses but is not very effective against FMD virus.
- Quicklime has been used to retard putrefaction of buried carcasses . Little direct effect on FMD virus
Inorganic and organic acids
- Used in animal disease control are sulfuric acid and HCl. Effective against FMD virus but are also highly toxic. Corrosive. Use is limited.
- ORGANIC acids with bactericidal and viricidal properties have disinfectant applications in animal health and food processing, as they are less toxic and less corrosive Acetic, citric, lactic, formic and propionic acids are used in meat and poultry packing plants, and in calf and pig barns. Reduce levels of Salmonella contaminations
Formaldehyde
- Natural form is a gas (fumigation). Sold as 40% liquid (formalin)
- Can explode
- Fot baths for fot rot in sheep/cattle
- Strong odour, corrosive and fibrolytic properties. Toxic. Teratogenic and carcinogenic - Ø EU
Formaldehyde
- Natural form is a gas (fumigation). Sold as 40% liquid (formalin)
- Can explode
- Fot baths for fot rot in sheep/cattle
- Strong odour, corrosive and fibrolytic properties. Toxic. Teratogenic and carcinogenic - Ø EU
Certificates: Individual bovine animals
Includes the following elements:
o Double ear-tags for each animal with an individual number
o Maintaining a register on each holding (farm, market etc.)
o Cattle-passports
o A computerised database at national level
The characters on the ear tags:
o The first two shall identify the Member State;
o The characters following the country code shall be numeric and shall not exceed 12 digits
Ear tags
- Shall be of flexible plastic material; shall not be re-usable
- Shall be tamper-proof and easy to read throughout the lifetime of the animal;
- They shall carry only non-removable inscriptions
Certification: Groups of pigs
o Ear-tags or tattoos
o Maintaining a register on each holding (farm, market etc.) o A computerised database at national level
Certification: Sheep and goat
Double identification before six months of age:
- two ear-tags or
- one eartag and a tattoo
- mark on the pastern or electronic identifier
Maintaining an up-to-date register on each holding
- A movement document for each movement of groups of animals;
- A central register of all holdings or computer database at national level.
Certification: Pets
Pets must be fitted with an electronic microchip (transponder)
Or have a clearly readable tattoo, applied before 3 July 2011.
Certification: TRACES system
System which notifies, certifies and monitors import, exports and trade.
