4.1.3 - contributing factors (part 2)

Question 1

Poverty

Answer 1

Deprivation
- Extreme poverty - living on less than US $1.90 per day.
- Relative poverty = living on less than 50% of country’s average income.
- Can prevent access to government services, nutritious food, clean water + sanitation, education, healthcare, housing.

Question 2

Poverty + government services

Answer 2

• Low GNI = less ability for gov to provide access to clean water, sanitation, health services, public education, etc.
• More tax = greater opportunity to provide for citizens.

Question 3

Poverty + nutritious food

Answer 3

• Undernutrition is often result of inability to afford (decrease immune system functioning).
• Undernutrition in pregnancy = baby more susceptible to underdeveloped immune system.

Question 4

Poverty + education

Answer 4

• Can’t afford = reduced access = lower literacy + health literacy rates.
• Gov doesn’t have funds available to provide education (only wealthy can afford).

Question 5

Poverty + healthcare

Answer 5

• Inability to afford = increases YLL as fatal can’t be cured.
• Increase maternal + infant mortality rates

Question 6

Poverty + housing

Answer 6

• Inadequate housing
• Inadequate ventilation, less protection from elements, temp control = respiratory conditions, asthma, pneumonia, injuries, etc.
• Reliable energy supply = opportunity for education, food intake, technology access.

Question 7

Global distribution + marketing - globalisation

Answer 7

The process whereby boundaries between boundaries are reduced/elimination allowing individuals/groups to act on a global scale.

Question 8

Global distribution + marketing - marketing

Answer 8

The activities of a company associated with selling a product or service, including advertising, selling, + delivering products to people.

Question 9

Global distribution + marketing of tobacco

Answer 9

• Low + middle IC’s have lack of laws, policies, regulations, + public awareness/health campaigns = targeted.
• Increased rates of child smoking
• Ability to purchase single cigarettes (affordability)

Question 10

Tobacco - effect on HS + BOD

Answer 10

• Increase premature death (YLL) as result of cancer, CVD, respiratory conditions, etc.
• Indirect effects = money spent on tobacco means less money on other things (infectious disease).

Question 11

Global distribution + marketing of alcohol

Answer 11

• Decreased slightly in HIC’s due to education - HC reduces impact.

Question 12

Alcohol - effect on HS + BOD

Answer 12

• Low + middle IC’s lack resources to education population, control consumption, care for negative effects = increase liver disease, CVD, cancer, risk-taking behaviour, associated injuries, etc.
• Money spent on alcohol = less for other things.

Question 13

Global distribution + marketing of processed foods

Answer 13

Relates to any food items that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat (can be healthy or unhealthy).

Question 14

Processed foods - effect on HS + BOD

Answer 14

• Low + middle IC’s = more energy dense diet (contributes to lifestyle disease such as obesity, hypertension, CVD).
• High intake of salt = increase mortality from stroke + hypertension.
• Double BOD (eg. obesity + infectious disease).
• Associated chronic conditions may limit ability to earn income + go to school.
• Under-resourced health systems = unavailable treament