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Foreign affairs Final exam > 4.1.3 Consulates > Flashcards

4.1.3 Consulates Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the consulates of the European states have their origins?

A

In trade. They represented the merchants in the ports where they had the authority and ability to sort out their problems

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2
Q

Consuls were the spokesmen for the…

A

Merchants

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3
Q

Who came first, the embassies or the consuls?

A

The consuls by at least three centuries

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4
Q

Who were the consuls?

A

Merchants chosen from the ranks of the local trading settlements by the merchants themselves

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5
Q

What changed in the 17th century?

A

States started to assert its control over the consuls and required them to taken on additional responsibilities

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6
Q

From what class did the consuls come?

A

Middle-class.

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7
Q

Why couldn’t consuls deal with foreign leaders as equal?

A

because they did not have the money nor the personal qualities

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8
Q

When did consuls start shaking of their seaport image and start engaging in a broader range of duties

A

late 19th century

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9
Q

Prior to the 19th century, what was the relationship between diplomatic and consular services?

A

They were completely separate

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10
Q

After the 19th century, what was the relationship between diplomatic services and consular services?

A

Differences were eroding, and embassies started to have a consular section

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11
Q

“The creation of a unified foreign service”

A

Amalgamation

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12
Q

Why did consulars push for amalgamation?

A

They were doing most of the diplomatic works while the diplomats were spending most of their time riding or picnicking

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13
Q

When was diplomatic and consular services amalgamated?

A

in the 20th century, 1900s

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14
Q

The work is concerned mainly with issues of general policy in intergovernmental relations, especially those of a political nature.

Embassy or consulate?

A

Embassy

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15
Q

The work deal chiefly with the problems of individuals and corporate bodies.

Embassy or consulate?

A

Consulate

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16
Q

A sending state can only establish one in a receiving country

Embassy or consulate?

A

Embassy

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17
Q

A sending state may have several in the receiving state

Embassy or consulate?

A

Consulate

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18
Q

Diplomatic corps

Embassy or consulate?

A

Embassy

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19
Q

Consular corps

Embassy or consulate?

A

Consulate

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20
Q

Which of the Diplomatic and the consular corps was best organized and why?

A

The consular corps due to its relatively non-political interests

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21
Q

The vienna convention in 1961

A

Diplomatic relations

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22
Q

The vienna convention in 1963

A

Consular relations

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23
Q

Immunity from jurisdiction

“Officers and employees are immune from the jurisdiction of the receiving states courts and administrative authorities only in the respect of their official acts”

A

Consular officers

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24
Q

Immunity from jurisdiction

“Generally enjoy this immunity in respect of their private acts as well.”

A

Diplomats

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25
Q

Liability to give evidence

“Officers might be called upon to give evidence at judicial or administrative proceedings except in matters connected with the exercise of their functions”

A

Consular officers

26
Q

Liability to give evidence

“The agents are under no such obligation”

A

Diplomats

27
Q

Personal inviolability

“In the case of a grave crime, a officer might be liable to arrest or detention pending trial”

A

Consular officer

28
Q

Personal inviolability

“The personal inviolability of a agent is unqualified”

A

Diplomat

29
Q

inviolability of premises

“premises may be entered by the authorities of the receiving state without the expressed consent of the head of post in case of fire or other disaster requiring prompt protective action. The private residence of the career officer is not part of consular premises, and so does not enjoy its inviolability or protection. “

A

Consular officers

30
Q

Inviolability of premises

“Inviolability is unqualified. The private residence of the agent shares these rights in equal measure with the premises of the mission”

A

Diplomats

31
Q

Freedom of communication: the consular bag

“If a request to open is refused, a suspect bag may be sent back”

A

Consular

32
Q

Freedom of communication: the consular bag

“No bag may be detained, let alone opened.”

A

Diplomatic

33
Q

6 consular functions

A
  1. encouraging exports
  2. Providing help to any nationals in need
  3. Information gathering
  4. Entry clearance
  5. Diplomatic functions
  6. Providing cover for spies and serving as instruments of political warfare
34
Q

What routine matters can consulates do for individuals?

A
  • Issue passports
  • Renewal of passports
  • Registration of birth or death
  • Issue registration of life
35
Q

“A personal document that verifies that a retired person living abroad is still alive. They are therefore entitled to receive pension from the homeland.”

A

Certificate of life

36
Q

In addition to routine matter, consuls can also help individuals in…

A

difficulty or acute distress

37
Q

What is the priority of the reporting by consulars?

A

Conditions that might affect travellers

38
Q

“deciding to whom, among the many applicants for travel to their country, they should issue visas.”

A

Entry clearance

39
Q

Is a consulate a diplomatic mission?

A

No, but it can me employed to perform diplomatic functions

40
Q

When might a consulate be employed to perform diplomatic functions?

A
  • When it is the subject to the approval of the receiving state
  • If an existing embassy has to be closed for economic reasons, and it has to transfer its functions to an existing consulate
41
Q

What are the advantages of using a honorary consulate for diplomatic purposes?

A

It saves money

42
Q

Why are some consuls called career consuls?

A

To distinguish them from honorary consuls

43
Q

Descending ranked order of consular posts

A
  1. Consulate-general
  2. Consulates
  3. Vice-consulates
44
Q

Who is heading the consulate-General?

A

A consul-general

45
Q

Vice-consulates have virtually (…) while consulates and consulate-generals have (…)

A
  1. Disappeared

2. Multiplied

46
Q

Can you have more than one consulate-general in a country?

A

Yes

47
Q

Each post has its own consular….

A

District

48
Q

To whom are the consular posts subordinated?

A

the embassy in the state in which they are established

49
Q

A new trend within consular services

A

“virtual consulates”

50
Q

Locals are not allowed to perform consular services

A

False. You can hire locals to run consular duties

51
Q

“Nationals of the receiving state with close connections to the sending state, or nationals of the sending state permanently resident in the receiving state. In either case, they know their way around.”

A

Honorary consuls

52
Q

Who are the honorary consuls?

A
  • Self-employed business men
  • Shipping agents
  • or professional of one sort or the other with control over their own time
53
Q

Are honorary consuls full time or part-time?

A

Part-time

54
Q

Why do honorary consuls enjoy more limited privileges and immunities than career consuls?

A

Due to their more limited functions

55
Q

Other than the wish to help people in difficulties, why will honorary consuls undertake the responsibility?

A

Social, commercial and other advantages generated by its prestige

56
Q

Consular sections of embassies are staffed chiefly by…

A

Career consular officers

57
Q

When and why did it become a trend to re-house consular staff within the embassy?

A

After the WW1 due to the encouragement of the merging of the two services and the reduce expenses

58
Q

Embassies had never been concerned with consular services prior to the amalgamation in the 20th century

A

False. they had been concerned with consular affairs long before the 20th century, especially if the capital city in which they were located was also a major port

59
Q

In an embassy the consular staff still go under the immunity given to consulates.

A

False. The consular staff has full diplomatic privileges and immunities

60
Q

What type of embassies tend to have a whole section devoted to consular affairs?

A

The largest embassies

61
Q

Some embassies are so small that one officer has to combine functions of both a consular and a diplomatic character

A

True

Foreign affairs Final exam (7 decks)

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