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Foreign affairs Final exam > 4.1.2 Embassies > Flashcards

4.1.2 Embassies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the base of modern diplomacy?

A

The French system of diplomacy

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2
Q

5 features of the French system of diplomacy

A
  1. Continuity in diplomacy
  2. Secrecy
  3. Protocol
  4. Honesty
  5. Professionalization
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3
Q

What used to be the working language in diplomacy prior to English?

A

French

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4
Q

In this period, the responsibility for diplomacy was placed chiefly in the hands of nuncius(living letter) and a plenipotentiary(had full powers) to negotiate on the behalf of his principle.

A

The Middle ages

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5
Q

What was the working language in diplomacy prior to French?

A

Latin

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6
Q

permanent diplomacy in all places irrespective of considerations of sentiment or religion

A

Continuous negotiation

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7
Q

When, where and by whom was the first resident embassy?

A

King Francois established a French embassy in Constantinople in 1535. They were attracting special immunities from local criminal and civil jurisdiction

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8
Q

Secret diplomacy mean keeping al or any of the following:

A
  1. Contents of negotiation
  2. Knowledge that the negotiations are ongoing
  3. The content of any agreement issuing from negotiation or the fact that any agreement has been reached
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9
Q

A successful negotiation means that….

A

Each side has to settle for less than ideal requirements

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10
Q

Why is protocol an important task in diplomacy?

A

It makes it unnecessary for diplomats to argue over new procedures each time they negotiate. Therefore it saves time, and any unpleasant incidents. This give them room to focus on the matter of negotiation

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11
Q

When and where did the French system overturn

A

At the congress of Vienna in 1815

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12
Q

What was agreed to at the conference of vienna in 1815?

A
  • Diplomats would have to take rank according to the date of the official notification of their arrival. The longest serving would have the highest authority.
  • Plenipotentiaries a ta conference would sign treaties in alphabetical order
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13
Q

What is the reason for honesty in French diplomacy?

A

Negotiations was not to trick the other side, but to reconcile states on a basis of a true estimate of their enduring interests. Agreements are only likely to endure if made on the basis of honesty.

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14
Q

What was a sign of maturing of the diplomatic system?

A

Honesty

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15
Q

When did professionalisation become a normal practice in diplomacy?

A

19th century

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16
Q

What came with the professionalisation in diplomacy?

A

Corps diplomatique or diplomatic body

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17
Q

What was the foremost of the professional interests?

A

Defence of their immunities under the law of nations

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18
Q

“Diplomats loose touch with sentiments at home. At worst they become mouthpieces for the government to which they are accredited, rather then those they nominally present”

A

Going native

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19
Q

What was the solution to the issue of diplomats “going native” and being won over by gifts and decorations?

A

Rotating diplomats between postings. Typically every three or four year

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20
Q

Is the French system eradicated?

A

No. It remained at the core of the world diplomatic system after WW1, and is still at its core today.

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21
Q

The functional theory of 1950

A

It was broadly accepted by jurist that diplomats must have special privileges and immunities under local criminal law

22
Q

What happened under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic relations in 1961?

A

Codification and progressive development of the customary law on diplomacy

23
Q

5 functions of the diplomatic misiion according to the VCDR from 1961

A
  1. Representing the sending state in the receiving state
  2. Protecting the interests of the sending state on the receiving state and of its nationals, with the limits permitted by the international law
  3. Negotiating with the government of the receiving state
  4. Asserting by all lawful means conditions and developments of the receiving state and reporting them to the government of the sending sate
  5. Promoting friendly relations between the sending state and the receiving state, and developing their economic, cultural and scientific relations
24
Q

What lay behind the inviolability of embassy premises?

A

The agents of the receiving state may not enter them, except with the consent of the head of mission

25
Q

To what outside the embassy premises to the inviolability stretch?

A

contents, bank accounts and movable property. Means of transport and documents. As well as the diplomat himself

26
Q

Can the receiving state expel a sending states diplomat?

A

Yes, if his actions are regarded as pernicious. (harmful?

27
Q

Diplomats have the right to enter all grounds of the receiving state.

A

False. A receiving state can bar a diplomat from certain zones on ground of national security

28
Q

Diplomats can not interfere in domestic affairs in the receiving state

A

True. Diplomats must respect the laws and regulations of the receiving state

29
Q

Main critics to VCDR

A
  • Direct contact between political leaders is now facilitated by improvement in travel and communication. Representation and communication is better executed via direct contact
  • Embassy reporting has been overtaken by the international mass media
  • Ideological tensions and deepening cultural divisions across the world provided dangerous hostages to fortune by the exchange of embassies
30
Q

6 tasks of the resident embassy

A
  1. Representation and friendly relations
  2. Negotiation and lobbying
  3. Clarifying intentions
  4. Political reporting
  5. Commercial diplomacy
  6. Versatility and adaptability
31
Q

? is chiefly concerned with prestige. Sometimes impossible to distinguish from propaganda

A

Representation

32
Q

Who is principally involved in representation?

A

The head of mission

33
Q

“it embraces entertaining, giving public lectures, appearing on television and radio shows and attendance at state ceremonial occasions.”

A

Representations

34
Q

Another important task of the embassy is to promote friendly relations with local….

A

elites

35
Q

A good embassy will….

A

honour local customs, mark important local events and make extensive social contacts. As well as making sure that no gratuitous offense is given to the host government if a unpleasant message has to be delivered

36
Q

The settlement of some matters might be left largely, or even entirely to the embassy

true/false

A

True. The embassy will the act under instructions that are easily issued and updated electronically

37
Q

What role do embassies play when home-based experts of government ministers take the lead in bilateral negotiations abroad?

A

They are a part of pre-negotiations, negotiations and the following up

38
Q

“encouraging those with influence in the receiving state to take a favourable attitude to its country’s interest”

A

Lobbying.

39
Q

What is the most effective device of lobbying?

A

Personal contacts

40
Q

Who are typical targets for lobbying?

A

Government departments, opinion leaders in business and the media

41
Q

Why is clarifying intentions important?

A

States need to make sure that others know enough in order to behave conveniently

42
Q

4 ways of clarifying intentions

A
  1. Reassure
  2. Alarm
  3. Encourage
  4. Deter
43
Q

Why is an ambassador an important part of a written message?

A

His oral explanation and local reputation might reinforce the message

44
Q

Gathering information on political, military, economic and other developments and report home.

A

Political reporting

45
Q

4 sources of political reporting

A
  1. embassy personnel
  2. special envoys
  3. spies
  4. journalists
46
Q

Two ways that the advice of an ambassador can be obtained

A
  1. recalling him for consultation

2. direct communication

47
Q

since when was commercial diplomacy regarded as a first order activity?

A

1960s

48
Q

What do embassies do in commercial diplomacy?

A

open doors for trade missions and companies from home, and contribute to the negotiations of bilateral commercial agreements

49
Q

“Embassies can fulfil any number of subsidiary functions, symbolic as well as practical. These are further explanations of their survival in the world of advanced transport and communications.”

A

Versatility and adaptability

50
Q

Embassies can provide cover for the activities of intelligence officers, and even a part of the diplomatic staff can serve as agents

A

True

51
Q

Embassies might be useful in conducting relations between hostile states on the territory of a third

A

True

Foreign affairs Final exam (7 decks)

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