4.1.1 Organic compounds Flashcards
4.1.1 organic chemistry 4.1.1 nomenclature of organic compounds
Why is carbon unique/ special
- it can form single, double and triple bonds to itself and other elements
- Both C-C and C-H bonds are strong and non-polar
- C-C bonds can form chains or rings
- Carbon atoms cannot have more than 8 electrons in their outer shell, always forming 4 bonds in total.
define hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon is a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only
define saturated hydrocarbon
A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only
define unsaturated hydrocarbon
An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds
Define homologous series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH₂
the simplist homologous series is alkanes
Define functional group
the atom(s) of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.
what are the classifications of hydrocarbons
- aliphatic
- alicyclic
- aromatic
define aliphatic
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
define alicyclic
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
define aromatic
a compound containing a benzene ring
What are the 3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes
define alkanes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with single c-c bonds
and the general formula CnH2n+2
define alkenes
the hydrocarbon homologous series with at least one double C=C bond.
And the general formula of CnH2n
define alkynes
the hydrocarbon homologous series with one triple carbon-carbon bond
and the general formula of CnH2n-2
How is a systematic name broken down
It consists of 3 parts:
* the stem - (the stem) of the name indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longestcontinuous chain in the molecule
* the prefix - (the prefix) can be added before the stem, often indicating the presence of side chains or a functional group.
* a suffix - (a suffix) is added afterthe stem to indicate functional groups
What are the steps for naming a aliphatic alkane
- All alkanes have the suffix -ane
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms - provides the stem
- identify side chains (known as alkyl groups) - prefix
- add numbers before any alkyl group to show the position on the parent chain.
List the first 10 alkane stems
- meth-
- eth-
- prop-
- but-
- pent-
- hex-
- hept-
- oct-
- non-
- dec-
List the first 10 alkyl groups
- methyl
- ethyl
- propyl
- butyl
- pentyl
- hexyl
- heptyl
- octyl
- nonyl
- decyl
What chain is the longest carbon chain if there are two+ of equal length
The chain with the most branches is considered the longest
what are the steps for naming an alicyclic alkane
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
- add the prefix cyclo-
What are the steps for naming an alkene
- alkene suffix is -ene
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms for the stem
- identify the location of the double bond - add between the stem and the suffix
what are the steps for naming compounds containing a functional group
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms - the stem is the name of the corresponding alkane.
- identify any functional groups and any alkyl side chains and select the appropriate prefixes or suffixes for them
- number any alkyl groups and functional groups to indicate their position on the longest unbranched chain.
What is the functional group for alkenes
C=C
What is the functional group for alcohol
-OH
What is the functional group for haloalkanes
-Cl
-Br
-I
What is the functional group for aldehydes
shape is very important
-CHO
O
II
C - H
What is the functional group for ketones
shape is very important
-C(CO)C-
ignore the .
…….O
…….II
.C - C - C
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids
Shape is very important
-COOH
O
II
C - OH
What is the functional group for esters
shape is very important
-COOC-
..O
..II
-C - O - C
What is the functional group for acyl chloride
shape is very important
-COCl
.O
.II
-C - Cl
What is the prefix for alcohols
hydroxy
what is the prefix for haloalkanes
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-
what is the suffix for alkenes
-ene
what is the suffix for alcohols
-anol
an becomes en if alkene is also present
what is the suffix for aldehydes
-anal
an becomes en if alkene is also present
What is the suffix for ketones
-anone
an becomes en if alkene is also present
what is the suffix for carboxylic acids
-anoic acid
an becomes en if alkene is also present
What is the suffix for esters
-anoate
an becomes en if alkene is also present
what is the suffix for acyl chlorides
-anoyl chloride
an becomes en if alkene is also present
what is the prefix for amines
amino-
what is the functional group for amines
-NH₂
what is the suffix for amines
-amine
what is the functional group for nitrile
-CN
what is the suffix for nitrile
-nitrile
what are the steps for naming alcohols
- identify the functional group and suffix - alcohols would be -ol
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
- identify the carbon atom the functional group is on
- combine to form the name
what are the steps for naming aldehydes
- identify the functional group and suffix - aldehydes are -al
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
- combine suffix and stem - aldehydes do not need numbers to show the position of the carbonyl group. It is always on position 1
What are the steps for naming compounds with multiple functional groups
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
- identify the functional groups present, which carbons they are on and the prefixes
- when the compound includes more than one functional group, the one with the highest priority is the “parent structure” and determines the “parent name”; the other groups will be regarded as “substituents”. The “suffix” is used to indicate the name of the parent structure, and the “prefix” is for the substituent.
with decreasing order of priority
carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, amine, alkene, alkyne, alkyl
How are aromatic, aliphatic and alicyclic compounds divided
Aromatic and Aliphatic are two distinct catagories.
Alicyclic is then a subcatagory of Aliphatic
