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Cells, organisms and systems > 4.1 - The microbial world > Flashcards

4.1 - The microbial world Flashcards

1
Q

microbiology

A

study of living things that are too small to be seen with unaided eye (microbes)

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2
Q

3 habitats that support majority of microbial diversity (3)

A
  1. soil
  2. fresh water
  3. seawater
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3
Q

microbe benefits (5)

A
  1. environment
  2. food
  3. bodily
  4. medical
  5. technology
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4
Q

microbe environmental benefits (2)

A
  1. decompose natural wastes and dead animal/plant matter
  2. produce nutrients for plants
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5
Q

microbe bodily benefits (2)

A
  1. gut flora
  2. regulates production of nutrients
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6
Q

Harmful effects of microbes?

A

human, animal and plant diseases

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7
Q

eukarya microorganisms (3)

A
  1. fungi
  2. protozoa
  3. algae
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8
Q

prokaryotic microorganisms (3)

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. viruses
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9
Q

features of bacterial taxonomy (4)

A
  1. shape
  2. metabolic activity
  3. pathogenicity
  4. nutritional requirements
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10
Q

key components of bacterial cell (6)

A
  1. rigid cell wall
  2. glycocalyx
  3. genetic material free floating in cytoplasm
  4. smaller rings of DNA called plasmids
  5. possesses ribosomes for protein synthesis
  6. flagella
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11
Q

role of rigid cell wall in bacteria (2)

A
  1. helps determine shape
  2. forms protective barrier
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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

main component of bacteria cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

genetic material free floating in cytoplasm (bacteria)

A

found in single chromosome concentrated in a nucleoid

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16
Q

glycocalyx (3)

A
  1. sticky layer surrounding cell
  2. may form a capsule (organised and strongly attached)
  3. may form slime layer (disorganised and loosely attached)
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17
Q

plasmids (smaller rings of DNA in bacteria) (2)

A
  1. can self replicate
  2. contain non-essential genes that may confer advantage
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18
Q

gram negative bacteria (2)

A
  1. double plasma membrane separated by periplasm
  2. thin peptidoglycan layer covered by outer membrane, has porins and LPS (endotoxin)
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19
Q

gram positive bacteria (2)

A
  1. cell walls have thick outer peptidoglycan on outside of single plasma membrane
  2. reinforced by teichoic acids
20
Q

main difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A

positive - single plasma membrane
negative - double plasma membrane

21
Q

gram staining

A

coloured purple. when combined with bacteria in sample stain will either stay purple inside bacteria (gram +ve) or turn pink (gram -ve)

22
Q

chemotaxis

A

towards/away from chemical

23
Q

phototaxis

A

towards/away from light

24
Q

virulence

A

pathogens ability to cause damage/disease in host cell

25
Q

structure of flagella

A

made from protein flagellin, anchored in inner membrane using basal body with the hook attaching flagellum to the motor protein

26
Q

what drives rotation in the flagella

A

rotation of motor protein drives rotation of filament, propels the bacterium

27
Q

DNA in archaea (3)

A
  1. free floating DNA, no organelles
  2. exists as rods, cocci and spirals
  3. reproduces by binary fission
28
Q

how is the plasma membrane of archaea different?

A
  1. contains stabilising glycerol-ether linkages
  2. cell wall contains slightly different polymer (pseudopeptiglycan)
29
Q

3 classification of fungi (nutrient absorption)

A
  1. saprophytes - dead organic matter
  2. biotrophs - living host tissue
  3. necrotrophs - kill host tissue and feed on it
30
Q

Hyphae (2)

A
  1. long, thin filaments (effectively cells of fungus)
  2. grow and branch to form mycelium
31
Q

septa

A

majority of fungi have septa dividing hyphae into compartments, usually have holes allowing movement of cytoplasm and sometimes organelles

32
Q

woronin

A

protein lattices between each septum, can close them off in case of damage

33
Q

2 methods of fungi reproduction (2)

A
  1. sexual (many fungi required to have different “mating types” analogous to male/female)
  2. asexual
34
Q

essential structure for reproduction in fungi

A

microscopic fungal spore

35
Q

protist

A

any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus

36
Q

ciliates (3)

A
  1. protists with tiny hair-like projections across surface of cell, allows them to move
  2. majority heterotrophs (consume other organisms, generally other protists or bacteria)
  3. commonly inhabit aquatic environments
37
Q

ciliate nucleuses (2)

A
  1. tiny diploid micro nucleus - carries germline of cell
  2. large ampliploid macronucleus - takes care of general cell regulaation (generated from micronucleus by amplification/editing of genome)
38
Q

ploid

A

refers to amount of complete sets of chromosomes in cell

39
Q

symbiosis

A

any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between 2 biological organisms of different species (symbionts)

40
Q

3 types of symbiosis (3)

A
  1. mutualistic
  2. commensalistic
  3. parasitic
41
Q

mycorrhizae

A
  • mutualistic symbiotic relationship between roots of most plant species and fungi
  • bidirectional flow of nutrients between fungus/plants
42
Q

lichens

A

symbioses between algae and fungi

43
Q

legume

A

plants have root nodules containing bacterial species that fix nitrogen for them

44
Q

do viruses contain cells/cell contents?

45
Q

capsid (2)

A
  1. protein shell that encases a virus’s genetic material
  2. consists of nucleic acids and repeating protein units called capsomeres that makes up the protein coat
46
Q

viral genomes (2)

A
  1. DNA or RNA based
  2. genetic material may be linear or circular
47
Q

virus entry pathways (into cell) (2)

A
  1. membrane fusion
  2. receptor mediated endocytosis
    - both result in release of viral genome into host cell
48
Q

virus replication cycle (7)

A
  1. attachment and fusion
  2. entry and uncoating
  3. transcription
  4. translation
  5. assembly
  6. formation of virus envelope
  7. release

Cells, organisms and systems (26 decks)

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