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Cells, organisms and systems > 3.1 - The chemistry of life > Flashcards

3.1 - The chemistry of life Flashcards

1
Q

how is energy for many cellular reactions derived?

A

hydrolysis of high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP -> ADP + Pi (and ADP -> AMP +Pi)

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2
Q

how are covalent bonds made/broken?

A

enzymes

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3
Q

when is bond rotation not possible in covalent bonds?

A

double bonds (alkenes)

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4
Q

what are stronger ionic bonds or covalent?

A

covalent

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5
Q

how does water dissolve ion crystals?

A

electrostatic interactions between anion, cation and partial charges on water. partial negative charge of O -> cation, partial positive charge of H -> anion. Forms hydration shell of H2O molecules around anion/cation

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6
Q

what allows macromolecules to form correct shapes?

A

non-covalent bonds between different parts of macromolecule

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7
Q

electronegativity

A

power of attraction atom has for the bonding of electrons
generally larger = more electronegativity

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8
Q

negatively charged ion

A

anion

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9
Q

positively charged ion

A

cation

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10
Q

what bonds are polar? (2)

A
  1. OH
  2. NH
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11
Q

what bond is non-polar?

A

CH

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12
Q

dipole

A

when nucleus of one atom in molecule attracts e- more strongly than the other (creates slight +ve and -ve charge on opposite sides of molecule)

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13
Q

what molecules can interact with water? (2)

A
  1. molecules containing OH groups
  2. molecules containing NH groups
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14
Q

what molecules cant interact with water?

A

molecules containing CH group (hydrophobic)

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15
Q

what compounds/molecules will water dissolve? (2)

A
  1. ionic compounds
  2. polar molecules
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16
Q

H-bond formation

A

between any H atom covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom/group or other electronegative atom bearing lone e- pair

17
Q

common H-bond atoms (when bonded to H) (2)

A
  1. O
  2. N
18
Q

what do H-bonds confer?

A

flexibility

19
Q

Hydrophobic effect (3)

A
  1. interaction of non-polar molecules/components in aqueous solution
  2. non-polar portions aggregate (fewer H2O molecules ordered + entropy increases)
  3. non-polar groups sequestered from water, released H2O molecules increase entropy further
20
Q

folding of globular proteins

A

hydration layer around polypeptide minimised by hydrophobic non-polar amino acids (gathered toward interior of folded protein - hydrophobic)

21
Q

where do hydrophobic components gather in elements of the cell?

A

towards interior

22
Q

what are the strengths of the 4 noncovalent forces? (2)

A
  1. constantly form/reform
  2. confers great flexibility/stability in biomolecules despite relative weakness of forces
23
Q

molecular complementarity

A

charges, polarity and hydrophobicity of 2 protein surface shapes permit multiple weak interactions that combined can form specific, weak/strong, transient/stable interactions

24
Q

form structural elements in cell walls of bacteria and plants, lubricate skeletal joints and involved in cell recognition/adhesion

A

carbohydrates

25
Q

hydrated carbon molecules formula

A

Cn(H2O)n

26
Q

what are carbohydrates built from?

A

monosaccharides (aldehydes/ketones that contain 2/more hydroxyl groups)

27
Q

how are monosaccharides joined?

A

glycosidic bonds

28
Q

when are lipids soluble?

A

in non-polar organic solvents

29
Q

biological functions of lipids (5)

A
  1. fuel/energy storage
  2. hormones
  3. membrane components
  4. insulation
  5. water repellants
30
Q

which biological macromolecule has no true monomer?

A

lipids

31
Q

lipid formula

A

CH3(CH2)n1COOH
long chain hydrocarbons with terminal carboxylic acid group

32
Q

triglycerides (3)

A
  1. used as long-term energy storage
  2. fat (solid), oil (liquid)
  3. majority of fatty acids
33
Q

glycerol-phospholipids

A
  1. key membrane component
  2. polar head group joined to hydrophobic moiety by phosphodiester bond
34
Q

ATP bonds

A

high energy phosphoanhydride bonds

35
Q

energy used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi (2)

A
  1. breakdown of glucose (respiration)
  2. energy from sunlight (photosynthesis)
36
Q

OIL RIG

A

oxidation is loss (e-), reduction is gain (e-)

37
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis

38
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown

Cells, organisms and systems (19 decks)

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