4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System Flashcards
Neuroanatomy
The anatomy of the nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Somatic nervous system
Part of the PNS that consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and the spinal cord
Spinal cord
Part of the CNS;
it cummunicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head
Dorsal
Means towards the back
Ventral
Means toward the stomach
White matter
Area of the nervous system consisting mostly of myelinated axones
Autonomic nervous system
Parts of the PNS that controls the heart, intestines, and other organs
Sympathetic nervous system
A network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity
Dorsal root ganglia
Clusters of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord
Gray matter
Areas of the nervous system that are densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
Parasympathetic nervous system
System of nerves that facilitate vegetative, nonemergency responses by the body’s organs
Bell-Magendie law
The consept that the entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information
Det er forskjell på sensoriske (inngående) og motoriske (utgående) nervefibre, og at det er forskjellig utspring i ryggmargen.
Hindbrain
The posterior part of the brain
Bakhjernen, lillehjernen (cerebellum) er en del av denne
Pons
Hindbrain structure that lies anterior and ventral to the medulla
Reticular formation
A structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain;
Controls motor areas of the spinal cord and selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas
Tectum
Roof of the midbrain
Raphe system
Brain areas that send axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli
Tegmentum
Intermediate (mellomliggende) level of the midbrain.
In Latin, means a “covering”, such as a rug on the floor.
Superior colliculus
Swelling on either side of the tectum;
important to visual processing
Medulla
Hindbrain structure located just above the spinal cord; could be regarded as an enlarged extention of the spinal cord
Thalamus
A pair of structures in the center of the forebrain;
is controls and regulate muscle movement
Substantia nigra
A midbrain structure that, similar to schizophrenia, gives rise to a pathway releasing dopamine
Midbrain
Middle part of the brain
Midthjernen
Ventricles
Four fluid-filled cavities within the brain
Brainstem
The medulla, pons, midbrain, and central structure of the forebrain
Cranial nerves
Nerves that control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathic output to the organs
Inferior colliculus
Swelling on each side of the tectum; important for auditory processing
Pituitary gland
An endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Lillehjernen. The part of the brain involved in balance and coordination, and attention and timing
Limbic system
Interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem
Disse er viktig for motivasjon og emosjoner
Nucleus basalis
A forebrain structure that lies on the ventral surface; receives input from the hypothslamus and basal ganglia; sends axones to areas in the cerebral cortex
Forebrain
Most anterior part of the brain; consists of two cerebral hemispheres
Forhjernen, eller storehjernen
Hypothalamus
Small area near the base of the brain, ventral to the thalamus
Delen av hjernen som regulerer kroppstemperatur, appetitt, tørst, seksualatferd, søvn og aggresjon
Meninges
Menbranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Hippocampus
A large structure located toward the posterior of the forebrain, between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex
Holder til ved tinninglappen og er knyttet til hukommelse og romlig orientering
Basal ganglia
A group of subcortial forebrain structures lateral to the thalamus
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A clear fluid similar to blood plasma produced by chroid plexus in the brain venetricles
Central canal
A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord
