13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning Flashcards
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that evokes a particular response only after i has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response
Classical conditioning
Type of conditioning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one of which evokes an automatic response
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus
Instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning)
A type of condition in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior
Reinforcer
Any event that increases the future probability of the preceding response
Conditioned response (CR)
Response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Punishment
An event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response
Engram
Physical representation of what has been learned
Short-term memory
Memory of events that have just occurred
Mass action
Concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better
Equipotentiality
Consept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors; any part of the cortex can subsitute for any other
Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)
A nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for learning
Long-term memory
Memory of events that occured futher back in time
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage
Consolidate (consolidation)
To strengthen a memory and make it more long-lasting
Procedural memory
The development of motor skills and habits; a special kind of implicit memory
Radial maze
An apparatus used to test spatial memory in nonhumans
Explicit memory
Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Episodic memory
Memories of single personal events
Tau protein
Part of the intracellular support structure of axons
Implicit memory
An influence of experience on behavior, even if the influence is not recognized
Morris water maze
A procedure used to test for spatial memory in nonhumans
Semantic dementia
A loss of semantic memory
Amnesia
Memory loss
Declarative memory
Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
Korsakoff’s syndrome (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form memories for events that happend after brain damage
Delayed matching-to-sample task
Task in which an animal sees a sample object and then after a delay must choose an object that matches the sample
Delayed nonmatching-to-sample task
Task in which an animal sees an object and then after a delay must choose an object that does not match the sample
Confabulation
A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill inn memory gaps with guesses
Amyloid-b
A protein that accumulates to higher than normal levels in the brain of people with Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite
