41: Olfaction And Gustation

Question 1

Taste bud cell histo

Answer 1

Specialized ep

Question 2

What is present on the apical side of taste cells

Answer 2

Microvilli, tastant receptors, voltage-gate dion channels, TRP receptors

Question 3

Possible nts for taste cell release

Answer 3

ATP or serotonin

Question 4

Loss of taste term

Answer 4

Aguesia

Question 5

Effects of sweet solution on infant

Answer 5

Face relaxes, calming, decreased heart rate, analgesic effect

Question 6

Three ways sucrose acts as an analgesic for infants

Answer 6

1. Brain arousal suppression
2. Rewarding effect
3. Release of beta endorphins -> opioids -> anti-nociception

Question 7

Two ways to cover up the nasty taste of pharmeceuticals and how they cover up bitter taste

Answer 7

1. Sodium salts like MSF and sodium gluconate -> cover bitter taste at the receptor level
2. Sugar -> cover bitter taste at the cognitive level

Question 8

How many different ORNs do we have, and how many different smells can we detect?

Answer 8

350 ORs -> 12 million odors

Question 9

ORN stands for?

Answer 9

Odorant receptor neuron

Question 10

What type of neuron are olfactory neurons, and what nt do they release?

Answer 10

Bipolar, release glutamate

Question 11

Three mechanisms for how we adapt to a smell

Answer 11

1. Enzymatic breakdown of cAMP
2. Ca binds calmodulin, Reducing affinity for channel to cAMP
3. Odorant receptor becomes phosphorylated, modifying its sensitivity

Question 12

What can head trauma cause in terms of anosmia

Answer 12

Shearing of olfactory bulb from cribiform plate

Question 13

Three conditions that can cause hyperosmia

Answer 13

Migraine, psychosis, pregnancy

Question 14

Only two places adult neurogenesis occurs

Answer 14

Olfactory bulb, dentate nucleus of hippocampus

Question 15

Anosmia in Parkinson’s

Answer 15

One of the first things to occur, but is sometimes hard to catch -> can be used as a bio marker for early diagnosiss

Question 16

When does sense of smell and taste begin

Answer 16

In utero

Question 17

Two reasons taste and smell begin early

Answer 17

1. primes fetus to taste amniotic fluid, which reflects maternal diet, whcih reflects external environment
2. Primes rooting for breast milk thru taste and smell

Question 18

When do gustatory and olfactory sensitivity decrease especially?

Answer 18

Gustatory: age 60
Olfactory: age 70

Question 19

Two reasons gustatory sensation decreases with age

Answer 19

1. Taste buds decrease and shrink

2. Mouth produces less saliva - dry mouth affects taste

Question 20

Two reasons olfactory sensation decreases with age

Answer 20

1. Decreased mucus production

2. Fibers and receptors of ORNs decrease with age

Question 21

What is unique about the olfactory pathway?

Answer 21

Only system that does go through thalamus before entering cortex