4.1 Enzyme action

Question 1

what protein are enzymes made out of

Answer 1

globular proteins

Question 2

what does an increase in H+ ions do to pH

Answer 2

lower pH made it more acidic

Question 3

what’s an anabolic reaction

Answer 3

a reaction building thing up

Question 4

what’s a catabolic reaction

Answer 4

breaking things down

Question 5

what’s metabolism

Answer 5

the sum of all chemical reactions happening in a cell/ organism

Question 6

what’s the Vmax

Answer 6

the point the enzymes can increase the rate of reaction up to (max initial velocity )

Question 7

what needs to happen for a reaction to happen

Answer 7

for a reaction to happen molecules need to collide in the right orientation, when high temps and pressures are applied the speed of molecules will increase therefore so will the number of successful collisions and pressures and overall rate of reaction

Question 8

can an enzyme catalyse different reactions

Answer 8

no they are specific

Question 9

what are extracellular enzymes

Answer 9

they are enzymes that work outside the cell that made them
they break down large nutrients that are needed to make products
the nutrients are broken down in the process of digestion

Question 10

what are intracellular enzymes

Answer 10

enzymes that act within the cells that made them
eg. breaking down H2O2 (a toxic product of many metabolic pathways) into water and oxygen quickly to prevent its accumulation

Question 11

what’s the lock and key hypothesis

Answer 11

the active site (an area within the tertiary structure ) has a complementary shape to a specific substrate and only the right substrate will fit once the enzyme substrate complex is formed then the enzyme product complex the products leave to enzyme unchanged, the substrate is held in such a way that the R groups can interact

Question 12

what’s an enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 12

what is made when the substrate is bound to the active site, they then react to form an enzyme-product complex

Question 13

what’s an enzyme-product complex

Answer 13

it’s what’s made when the substrate and complex react the product(s) are the released and leave the enzyme unchanged

Question 14

what’s the induced fit hypothesis

Answer 14

the initial reaction between the enzyme and substrate is relatively weak, but these weak interactions rapidly induce changes in the enzymes tertiary structure which strengthen binding, this puts strain on the substrate molecules this can weaken a particular bond in the substrate lowering the activation energy

Question 15

how is starch digested

Answer 15

in the mouth the enzyme amylase (made in the salivary glands and pancreas) breaks starch down into maltose

then in the small intestine enzyme maltase breaks maltose down into glucose

glucose is small enough to be absorbed by the cells lining to digestive system then absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 16

how are proteins digested

Answer 16

trypsin is a protease that is produced in the pancreas and release with pancreatic fluid into the small intestine
trypsin catalysed the breaking of proteins down into smaller peptides which can be further broken down into amino acids by other proteases
amino acids are small enough to be absorbed by cells lining the digestive system and then absorbed into the bloodstream