4.1 Chemicals in Cells

Question 1

Define organic compound and give an example

Answer 1

Contains carbon and originally made by living things
eg. carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Question 2

Define inorganic compound and give an example

Answer 2

Doesn’t contain carbon
eg. water, minerals, salts, etc.

Question 3

What makes up a carbohydrate molecule

Answer 3

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 4

Define the term carbohydrate

Answer 4

Sugars or chains of sugar molecules

Question 5

What is the general formula for simple carbs

Answer 5

(CH2O)n
n is any number

Question 6

What simple carbohydrate provides chemical energy for cells

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

Can long chains of carbohydrates be digested

Answer 7

They can be broken down into many molecules of glucose

Question 8

What are monosaccharides

Answer 8

They’re the simplest carbs and are soluble in water

Question 9

4 examples of monosaccharides

Answer 9

• Glucose (energy source for cells)
• Fructose (sugar in fruits)
• Galactose - similar to glucose
• Ribose (sugar in nucleic acids)

Question 10

What are disaccharides

Answer 10

Another type of simple carbohydrate, with a double unit of sugar

Question 11

What is sucrose made up of

Answer 11

One glucose and one fructose

Question 12

What makes up maltose

Answer 12

2 glucose molecules linked together

Question 13

What makes up lactose

Answer 13

1 glucose and 1 galactose

Question 14

What is a polysaccharide

Answer 14

Complex carbohydrates with multiple sugar units joined together to make large molecules

Question 15

How are polysaccharides formed

Answer 15

Dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 16

What is starch

Answer 16

Food storage in plants, insoluble in water - turns water white

Question 17

What is cellulose

Answer 17

Main component in plant cells walls
Insoluble in water

Question 18

What is dehydration synthesis

Answer 18

Makes carbohydrates from 2 or more monosaccharides via the removal of water

Question 19

What atoms are in a lipid

Answer 19

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - little compared to carbs

Question 20

What are the 3 main types of lipids

Answer 20

• Fats and oils/triglycerides
• Phospholipids - makes up cell and organelle membranes
• Steroids - in cell membranes and used as a hormone

Question 21

What are fats

Answer 21

Highly saturated compounds commonly found in animals, solid at room temperature and used as a storage of energy and thermal insulation

Question 22

What are oils

Answer 22

Unsaturated compounds, similar to fats in structure, found in plants and usually liquid at room temperature (20C), used as energy storage

Question 23

What makes up a triglyceride

Answer 23

Three long chains of hydrocarbons (fatty acids) connected to one glycerol molecule

Question 24

Where do steroids occur

Answer 24

Occurs in hormones

Question 25

What are steroids classed as

Answer 25

Classed as lipid for being hydrophobic and insoluble in water Doesn't resemble lipids because of 4 fused ring structure

Question 26

What is the 4 ring struture

Answer 26

Structure that has one ring with 5 carbons and 3 others with 6

Question 27

Why are steroids important

Answer 27

Has different functions in plants and animals: - Sex hormones - Cholesterol

Question 28

What are the principle functions of steroids

Answer 28

- Alters cell membrane fluidity (cholesterol) - Signals molecules

Question 29

Examples of steroids in animals

Answer 29

Cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone, estradiol, cortisol, aldosterone

Question 30

What are phospholipids

Answer 30

Similar to triglycerides, but one of the fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group and some other water-soluble group

Question 31

Characteristics of phospholipids

Answer 31

Fatty acid is hydrophobic and phosphate group is hydrophilic (dissolved in water)

Question 32

What do phospholipids form in water

Answer 32

Membranes - basis of cell membranes

Question 33

What are proteins made up of

Answer 33

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 34

What are the building blocks of protein

Answer 34

Amino acids

Question 35

What does the amino acid structure contain

Answer 35

R-group variant, carboxyl, hydrogen, and amino structure

Question 36

What are examples of proteins

Answer 36

Enzymes, cytoskeleton, hair

Question 37

How many amino acids are needed to make proteins

Answer 37

20 amino acids, in which 9 must be obtained through diet

Question 38

What are non-essential amino acids

Answer 38

When the human body can synthesize the amino acids

Question 39

What are essential amino acids

Answer 39

When the human body can't synthesize the amino acids -> must get through eating

Question 40

What is the most abundant organic molecules in cells

Answer 40

Proteins

Question 41

Why are proteins abundant in cells

Answer 41

- Is a structural component in cells and tissues - Enzymes controls metabolic reactions in cells - Is needed for general growth

Question 42

What are peptide bonds

Answer 42

Bonds that link amino acids in a protein molecule

Question 43

What is a peptide

Answer 43

Short chains of amino acids bonded together

Question 44

What is a polypeptide

Answer 44

Long chains of amino acids bonded together

Question 45

What are the 4 levels of protein structure and give examples with them

Answer 45

- Primary: sequence of amino acids - Secondary: regularly repeating structures like a-helix and B-sheet - Tertiary: Overall shape of a single protein molecule - Quaternary: formed from several protein subunits

Question 46

What are nucleic acids

Answer 46

The data storage in living organisms aka. the codes of a computer

Question 47

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 47

- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 48

What do nucleic acids do

Answer 48

Provides instructions and information to enable cell replication Builds proteins for growth and survival

Question 49

What are nucleic acids made up of

Answer 49

Nucleotides

Question 50

What are nucleotides

Answer 50

Monomers that make up polynucleotides like DNA or RNA

Question 51

What is a monomer

Answer 51

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

Question 52

What is a monomer made up of

Answer 52

5 carbon sugar, a phosphate and a nucleobase (base) containing nitrogen atoms

Question 53

What are the 5 naturally occurring bases

Answer 53

- Thymine (DNA only) - Uracil (RNA only) - Cytosine - Adenine - Guanine

Question 54

Which 2 reagents can be mixed together with protein to produce a dark blue colour

Answer 54

Copper sulfate and NaOH solution

Question 55

What is a monomer carbohydrate and give an example

Answer 55

Monosaccharide eg. glucose

Question 56

What is a polymer carbohydrate and give example

Answer 56

Polysaccharide eg. Starch, cellulose

Question 57

What are the monomer version of lipids and give examples

Answer 57

- Triglyceride - Phospholipids - Steroids eg. fats, oils, cholesterol

Question 58

What is the monomer version of protein and give an example

Answer 58

Amino acid eg. glutamate

Question 59

What is the polymer version of protein and give examples

Answer 59

Polypeptide protein eg. keratin, enzymes

Question 60

What is the monomer version of nucleic acid and give an example

Answer 60

Nucleotides eg. ATP

Question 61

What is the polymer version of nucleic acid and give examples

Answer 61

Polynucleotides eg. RNA, DNA