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Biology > 4.1 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

4.1 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are carbohydrate made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Simple Sugars (1 sugar molecules)
  • Complex Sugars (2 sugar molecules)
  • Polysaccharides (Many sugar molecules)
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of simple sugars?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

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4
Q

What is a simple sugar’s function?

A

To release quick energy

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5
Q

What foods are simple sugars found in?

A

Fruit, juices, and sugars

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of complex sugars?

A
  • Sucrose (Glucose & Fructose)
  • Maltose (Glucose & Glucose)
  • Lactose ( Glucose & Galactose
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7
Q

What is a complex sugar’s function?

A

To release quick energy or store energy temporarily

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8
Q

What foods are complex sugars found in?

A

Dairy products and fruit juices

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of Polysaccharides?

A
  • Starch (Plant energy storage)
  • Glycogen (Human energy storage)
  • Cellulose (Makes up cell wall in plant cell)
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10
Q

What foods are Polysaccharides found in?

A

Fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, pasta, and rice

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11
Q

What elements are lipids made up of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen

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12
Q

What are the subunits that make up a lipid?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

What makes a lipid either a fat or an oil?

A

The type of fatty acids

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14
Q

What type of fatty acids make up a fat?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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15
Q

What type of fatty acids make up an oil?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds with carbon and hydrogen (C-H). Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between two carbons (C=C)

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17
Q

Why do unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between two carbons?

A

There is not enough hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

What happens to the structure of an oil due to the double carbon bonds of the oil’s unsaturated fatty acids?

A

It causes a bend in the fatty acids

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19
Q

Where are saturated fatty acids found?

A

In animal cells

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20
Q

Where are unsaturated fatty acids found?

A

In plant cells

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21
Q

What is the main function of lipids?

A

Provides energy and the raw materials for growth

22
Q

What are some side functions that lipids have in our bodies?

A

Possible answers:
- To store energy
- To insulate as fat deposits under the skin
- To build cell membranes
- To make hormones
- For buoyancy

23
Q

What deficiency disease can occur from a lack of lipids?

A

Marasmus

24
Q

What elements make up Proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

25
Q

Describe the structure of proteins

A

The basic units are amino acids, 2 of them make a dipeptide, and many of them make a polypeptide. A protein is either one polypeptide chain or many

26
Q

What foods can lipids be found in?

A

Margaine oils, cooking oils, fish oils, omega oils, red meat, and dairy products

27
Q

What are good protein food sources?

A

Red meat, eggs, fish, chicken, beans, peas, milk, and cheese

28
Q

What is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of protein?

A

Kwashiorkor

29
Q

What is the protein’s functions in our bodies?

A
  • Growth & tissue repair
  • Hormones
  • Protein carriers
  • Haemoglobin
  • Antibodies
  • Muscle cells, hair, and nails
  • Respiration energy when low amount of carbohydrates is present
30
Q

Why are saturated fats considered unhealthy?

A

They may contain cholesterol, a sticky fat that overtime, can block arteries

31
Q

What should we use to test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s reagent

32
Q

When using Benedict’s reagent, what is a negative result for testing for reducing sugars?

A

Remains dark blue

33
Q

When using Benedict’s reagent, what is a positive result for testing for reducing sugars?

A

Turns from blue to green to yellow/orange to brick red precipitate

34
Q

Is heat required for a Benedict’s reagent test? If so, how should it be heated?

A

Heat is required, and I must be heated using a water bath, this is because it is very reactive, and could spit or even explode if heated directly

35
Q

What is the emulsion test?

A

The test for the presence of fat

36
Q

What would we need other than the sample for the emulsion test?

A

Ethanol & distilled water

37
Q

When carrying out the emulsion test, what would indicate a negative result?

A

If the solution stays colourless

38
Q

When carrying out the emulsion test, what would indicate a positive result?

A

If the solution turns milky-white

39
Q

What are we testing for when we use Biurets?

A

Protein

40
Q

What would be a negative result for the Biuret’s test?

A

Remains light blue

41
Q

What would be a positive result for the Biuret’s test?

A

Turns mauve, purple, or lilac

42
Q

What does the intensity or the darkness of the positive result of the Biuret’s test tell us about the amount of protein

A

The more intense/dark the purple/mauve/lilac colour is, the more protein is present

43
Q

What do we use to test for vitamin C?

A

DCPIP

44
Q

What is the negative result for the vitamin C test?

A

Remains very dark blue

45
Q

What is the positive result for the vitamin C test?

A

Turns pink

46
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

It is the universal genetic code of life

47
Q

What does DNA code for?

A

Proteins/Polypeptides

48
Q

Describe the structure of DNA and how it works

A

It is a double helix, (2 strands coiled together), which are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. There are 4 types of bases, A, T, C, and G. A is complimentary with T, and C is complementary with G, and vice versa. The bases are attached to sugar-phosphate backbones. The base and the backbone together form a nucleotide, which contains a phosphate, a sugar, and a base all attached together

49
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A package of DNA wrapped around proteins during cell division

50
Q

What is a gene?

A

A certain length or part of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic/protein

Biology (14 decks)

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