406 Nursery Grafting + Flashcards
When should bud grafting be done
Midsummer
What is scion
Any piece of the tree you want to propagate, grafted onto root stock.
What is needed for grafting
Scion, Grafting wax, grafting tape and knife.
What 6 grafting techniques must be done when the tree is dormant
Bench grafting, dormant chip budding, cleft grafting, bridge grafting, bark grafting, and inlay grafting
Which two grafting techniques are used primarily to create new trees
Bench grafting & dormant chip budding
Which two grafting techniques are used to repair damage to the tree trunk
Bridge & inarch grafting
To do topwork to a new variety or to add multiple varieties to a single tree which 3 grafting techniques are used
Cleft, Bark, and Inlay grafting
Which grafting method is most successful for grafting material pencil sized to about 1” in diameter
Bench grafting
If scion wood needs to be stored how should it be done
Keep it in moist sphagnum moss, sand, or a plastic bag in a cool place.
Can scion wood be stored with apples
No, ethylene gas will damage scion wood.
What are 3 reasons why you would do a bridge or inarch graft
Rodents, machinery, cold weather have damaged the trunk
What are two types of budding methods
Shield (T-budding) and Chip budding
What is the third variation of bud grafting where buds are forced to grow the same season
June budding
When is June budding done
May or Early June
What are three reasons to preform a Bench graft
Improve hardiness, create a dwarf tree, or speed up fruit maturation
Should scion wood be from the previous season
Yes
Should scion wood for a bench graft be dormant
Yes
When is the best time to bench graft
Late march or early April
How many cuts are made to create a whip and tongue
2
When is best time to do chip budding
In spring before growth starts when the stock and scion are totally dormant
Is the first cut in chip budding made above or below the bud
Below
Is the second cut in chip budding made above or below the bud
Above
At what angle is the second cut of chip budding made
30-45 degrees
What are 2 methods of stratifying seeds for germination
Outdoors and Refrigerators
Why is it hard for plants to mature their fruit in our climate
Hot day temps and low night temps.
Are apples self fertile
No
Where did apples originate
Kazakhstan
Where was the Honeycrisp apple developed
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station
The four criteria for a successful graft are
Cambial contact. Avoidance of desiccation. Compatibility. Pressure
Pruning to central leader is good for trees that are going to get
Big
Pruning to a open center is good for trees that are going to
Fruit bearing. Fruit trees.
Why do plants need to be refrigerated after grafting
To prevent Suberization
What is suberization
The process of sealing off wounds, cuts and general skin damage.
What is a stooling bed
A bed for growing root stock through the technique of mound layering.
What are some varieties of ROSACEAE root stock that come true to seed
Siberian crab, Dolgo crabapple
The best media for a nursery is a combination of
Porosity and water holding capacity
What is nursery production
The growing of plants in controlled environment’s - small plants go in and big plants come up
Why must container media be more porous than field grown crops
Because plants are by themselves and more vulnerable to waterlogged oxygen depleted media and will not grow.
What is the spacing for planting container grown plants
So the tips just touch. Do not plant pot to pot.
Fertilizing nursery crops is dependent on what 2 factors
Crop needs and media
Which plants are best adapted for climate change
Natives
Is a good landscape ever finished
No
SIlvery grey foliage means what
It like its hot and dry.
Are controlled release fertilizer effective at planting time
No
How would you correct an issue of overwatering in Potentilla that needs to be shipped
A liquid fertilizer, mixed at half strength till signs of recovery are seen, then apply the rest.
To correct a soil pH imbalance over a long term what should you add
OM - Organic Matter
How would you correct overly alkaline soil for a season in potato crop - overly alkaline soil causes scabs
Spread Elemental Sulphur early in the season.
Why shouldn’t you plant poplars to close spruce in a windrow
Because poplars will outcompete Spruce both above and below ground.
What does the accronm S.O.D stand for
Phytophora ramorum ( Sudden Oak Death )
What is the Ramorum protocol
Trace back, Trace forward for susceptible species.
What family is susceptible to S.O.D
Ericaceae
What is the lethally low temperature for Phytophora
-5C
What is the quarantine length for a plants that have just arrived from another location to a nursery
28 Days
Can crops be frozen in cold storage and what are optimal temperatures for cold storage
No. 2-5C
When grading bare root plants what are you looking for
Root defects, sub-standard stock, poorly harvested stock.
When should grading be done
At ever opportunity.
Why would you grade root stock and trees
To ensure quality trees for the consumer and yourself
What is the most successful cvs of Maple
Autumn Blaze Maple
Is growing bare root trees better for maintaining tree root mass than other harvest/growing methods
Yes
To export to the USA what most a truck have
A Bill of Lading
Seller, Buyer, Destination, Contact info and Phytosanitary certificate must be present on what for the export of plant material
Bill of Lading
Is the onus on the buyer or the seller to obtain the phytosanitary certification
Seller
Another name for Bill of Lading is
Packing slip
Is arborist mulch going to be a hetro or homogeneous mix
Heterogeneous
What are the benefits of lateral root pruning
It produces more root mass and removes kinked or deformed roots
Why is it a bad idea to buy sod after 1 season no matter how good it was
There’s not enough carbohydrates present to make it a good crop
What are the CLNA specifications for sod quality
The least amount of weeds per sq foot
What is the advantage of being clean plant certified
You can sell to municpilaties & marketing
What are some coated fertilizers used for nursery stock
Osmocote, Sulphur Coat,
Is collecting seed a good way to propagate plants
Yes for plants that come true to seed
Why is fertilization important for container nurseries over field nurseries
Container grown crops are isolated from the soil that contains the nutrients they need for growth and will stall in growth without fertilization.
What does FOB stand for
Free On Board
What does FOB mean in terms of price
You have to come and get it for the FOB price
Why is IPM important
To prevent the spread of disease and pest between nurseries and from nurseries onto the public.
What irrigation method is best for nursery stock
Drip irrigation
Why is peat moss and fibrous materials good for nursery stock
Maintains moisture well but is light and porous
What are mulches used for in nurseries
Storage and weed control
Will woody mulches acidify soils
No. There is no evidence for this.
Woody mulches such as cedar and larch contain allelopathic chemicals that leach into soil and kill other plants.
Yes. But these chemicals have been shown to have no effect on living plants.
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) contains allelopathic chemicals in its woody material
Yes
Mulch made from chipping diseased trees can infect healthy trees
No. Most studies indicate disease cannot transmit pathogens.
Wood chips are a fire hazard particularly when they are used around landscape structures.
Yes but No. Course textured mulches like wood chips are the least flammable of organic mulches
Wood mulches will tie up nitrogen and cause deficiencies in plants.
No. Mulches increase nutrient levels in the soils.
Woody mulches attract termites, carpenter ants and other pests
No. Most woody mulches are not attractive. Termites are attracted to higher nutrient woody material like cardboard.
Improved structure, enhanced gas transfer, enhanced water infiltration and retention, prevent erosion and compaction, moderate temperature are all soil benefits from adding
Mulch
If adding 8 liters of water to a 20 liter container completely saturates the media, what is the total aeration porosity of the media in the container?
40%
The process whereby seedlings can be grafted onto a bark-injured tree or one with a weak root system to preserve its vitality is called?
Inarch grafting
Name three genera of woody plants that generally seed in spring time.
Populus, Ulmus, Salix
When is the best time to transplant for field or container production?
Spring
3 Advantages to container growing are:
More plants per meter squared, grow on top of any type of field soil, generally quicker to realize profits.
“Sweating” out the material before moving it into the field and ensuring proper hydration during and after transplanting is a strategy for accomplishing what
Bare root material survival
Only dissolve when temperature is high enough to promote plant growth and are inert at lower temperatures. This describes what
Coated fertilizers
Round containers tend to produce plants with girdling roots when left too long in the pot, plants need to be shifted frequently to bigger sizes, plants need more water and fertilizer when they are growing. These are three disadvantages of growing what in what
Woody plants in Containers
Three types of slow release fertilizer for container crops are:
Sulphur coated, polymer coated and organic
What are two methods of harvesting field crops in a nursery?
Treespade and a cutter, lifter shaker.
Plant material, once loaded, becomes the responsibility of the buyer. This describes
F.O.B - Free On Board
When selecting scion wood to graft onto a rootstock, it is very important that
The rootstock stem and the scion stem have good cambium (phloem) contact.
Before you can get a water license in Alberta, “proof of irrigability” must be determined. Who has the authority to complete such a report?
A professional agrologist, authorized by the province to complete irrigability reports.
Three simpler ways to monitor media fertility in a container crop of trees or shrubs are?
Monitoring growth, leaf colour and root development.
Name four plants that it is possible to gather seed from in the middle of winter:
Viburnum lantana, Crataegus, Malus, Acer ginnala
Why would the presence of predator insects in certain trees indicate the need for further monitoring?
Predator insects feed on plant damaging insects
Prior to shipping nursery stock, what are two things that should be done
Ensure the stock is true to name and the correct size
What is the approximate rootball diameter to trunk caliper ratio for machine dug wirebasket, root pruned, deciduous trees?
12:1
