406 Nursery Flashcards
How long does it take to produce a crop of harvestable sod
2 seasons
What two problems are caused by root defects
Poor vigor and tree failure
How much larger should a root system be than the trunk
12x
Crown die back, poor colour can be caused by ?
Root defects, poor planting (Planted to deeply), Poor growth in the nursery,
Do roots want to grow downwards
No they want to grow outwards like spooks on a wheel
How many times are roots pruned on average before they get to you
4
Most of our trees seedlings come from where
Oregon or United States
Should roots be pruned before planting or repotting
Yes
What are the 3 types of plant cells
Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Collenchyma
Which of the three cells can morph its self
Parenchyma
Phloem is created by what
The cambium
What’s the most popular variety of Malus ever in Canada
Macintosh
In reference to stock plant cuttings what will too much nitrogen cause
Very soft growth that easily rots
In reference to stock plant cuttings what will too much carbon cause
Very stiff cuttings that take longer to root.
Is it easier to take cuttings from Juvenile or adult plants
Juvenile
Hard wood cuttings are taking when
When the plant is completely dormant in winter - January to April
Softwood cuttings should be taken when
Mid-July to November
What are the conditions for rooting
Consistent moisture, dark, and warm.
CNLA stands for
Canadian Nursery Landscape Association
What is a Standard in relation to the Canadian Landscape Standard
A Standard is a set of definitions
Are conifers sold by caliper
No, They are sold by height
What does COPF stand for
Canadian Ornamental Plant Foundation
Are plant patents enforced by law in Canada
No, royalties are paid voluntarily
Do plant patents expire in Canada
Yes
“Referring to a method of asexual propagation, where a bud from one plant has been grafted onto another plant (typically an understock).”
Budded
” The above ground diameter of a distinct part of a nursery stock stem, measured in accordance with this Standard. The location of measurement depends on the type and size of plant. Measurement
height begins at the ground level, soil line or root flare, as appropriate. The word may be abbreviated as cal. “ refers to
Caliper
Cultivated plants that are specifically named, whose unique characteristics are retained during propagation, and populations are maintained by human efforts. They are distinguished from botanical varieties which also are distinct populations of plants in a species, but are naturally occurring. Refers to
Cultivar
The manner of natural or nursery formed growth of a tree, shrub, or herbaceous perennial consistent with specific species; e.g. broad, dwarf, columnar, slender, spreading, upright. Refers too
Habit
A product of asexual propagation where two plants or plant parts are joined together so that they will unite and continue their growth as one. Refers too a
Graft
Young, immature plants intended for growing-on to mature sizes in nurseries, either by lining- out in the field or in containers. Typically, they are one or two years old and often sold bare root or in small containers. Are known as
Liners
Propagation of plants from very small plant parts, tissues or cells grown in a test tube or container where the environment and nutrition are rigidly controlled. Is known as
Micropropagation
The dormant bud of a corm, root division or tuber that will produce a stem. A term used to describe a division of certain herbaceous perennial plants such as Astilbe and Hosta. Refers too
Eyes
The area at the base of the plant’s stem or trunk where the stem or trunk broadens to form roots; the area of transition between the root system and the stem or trunk. Refers to ?
Root flare
The abbreviation PL stands for
Plug
A cylinder of medium in which a plant is grown. The term is generally used for seedlings and rooted cuttings that have been removed from the container with the medium held intact by the roots. Refers too
Plugs
The abbreviation HWC stands for
Hardwood Cutting
The abbreviation SWC stands for
Softwood Cutting
The abbreviation RC stands for
Rooted Cutting
A vegetative portion, either hardwood (HWC) or softwood (SWC), removed from a parent plant that has been induced to form roots and eventually new leaves and shoots. This describes a
Rooted cutting
The abbreviation FP stands for
Field Potted
Plants established in the ground that have been dug with soil balls and placed in containers in lieu of burlapping. Are known as
Field Potted
The abbreviation BR stands for
Bare rooted
Plants harvested while dormant without a ball of soil or from which the growing medium has been removed. Are known as
Bare rooted
B&B stands for
Balled and Burlapped
Plants established in the ground that have been harvested by digging with a soil ball so that the soil within the ball remains undisturbed. As part of the harvesting process, the soil ball is bound in burlap or similar mesh material. Are know as
Balled and Burlapped
Bark embedded in the union between a branch and the trunk or between two or more stems that prevents the formation of a normal branch bark ridge. This describes
Included bark
A main mother root that is sharply bent. This describes a
Kinked root
The portion of the trunk below the crown lacking lateral branches;
this includes the portion of the trunk with shortened temporary branches that are below the main crown. This is known as
Clear trunk
Sugar and other carbohydrates that are produced by the foliage and stems during photosynthesis. This is known as
Photosynthate
Large main branches that form the main structure of the crown. These are known as
Scaffold branches
A circling, bent, or straight root that touches or rests on the trunk or root flare that can become a permanent root. This is known as
Stem-girdling root
Roots that grow to the container wall and down the inside of the pot. Are known as
Descending roots
Species with strong apical dominance and weak apical control. Buds do not elongate in the season they were initiated (strong apical dominance); but, when they do elongate, they have growth equal to the central leader (weak apical control). This is known as
Decurrent species
Strong apical control but weak apical dominance. Lateral branches are capable of elongating in the year they were initiated (weak apical dominance), but their elongation is under strong apical control. This is know as
Excurrent species
Name three woody plants that it is possible to collect seed from in winter?
Rosa, Alnus, Malus
Name three disadvantages to growing woody plants such as trees in containers:
Round containers tend to produce plants with girdling roots when left too long in the pot, plants need to be shifted frequently to bigger sizes, plants need more water and fertilizer when they are growing.
Name four plants that it is possible to gather seed from in the middle of winter:
Viburnum lantana, Crataegus, Malus, Acer ginnala
The main reason why whips and liners need to be graded according to size prior to planting them out in the field is?
When whips are all planted the same size in the same area, generally, they can all be harvested at the same time and will have similar maintenance requirements while growing.
A liner nursery advertises rooted SWC (Soft Wood Cuttings) 0/1/2. What does this mean?
3 yrs, 1 year cycle in bench, 2yrs transplanted
Willows and poplars are generally easier to grow from hardwood cuttings than most other species.
Yes
In a tree nursery, why is peat moss and/or fibrous materials such as sawdust, wood chips or compost added to growing media for containers?
To keep the mix from getting too heavy and waterlogged
A micro-propagation technique for rapidly increasing the number of new plants from a single specimen with highly desirable characteristics.
It is highly specialized and technical way to propagate plants under aseptic, controlled growing conditions. This describes
Tissue Culture
Aspen poplar, Populus tremuloides, and Swedish aspen, Populus tremula erecta, can both be propagated by stem cuttings using rooting hormone.
No
The green colored substance commonly painted inside the compartments of styroblocks and the inside of containers is
Copper sulphate based compound, or “Spin Out” designed to stop roots from spiraling when they reach the edge of the compartment.
Grading whips to size before planting decreases cost of production.
Yes
What is NOT a characteristic of bare root production, according to CNLA specs?
Roots shall not encircle each other to an extent where growth will be inhibited
T-bud grafting (bud transplant) is best done in mid-summer, when the bark is slipping from the sapwood, and buds for next year have formed
Yes
Prior to using media or containers for plant propagation, it is a good idea to sanitize and sterilize as much as possible in order to:
Reduce the possibility of infection due to soil borne pathogens, such as Pythium and Phytophora. (Root rots and water molds; “damping off”)
Parts of a seed include:
Endocarp, pericarp, endosperm and hypocotyl
In field production, it is generally thought that lateral root pruning results in a healthier, denser root system and increases survivability.
Yes
Keeping accurate records is a good way of finding out which crops and varieties sell best and if any trends or patterns are developing.
Yes
Three common seed treatments to stimulate germination of woody plants are:
After ripening, fermentation, and cool, wet stratification
The purpose a macerator is:
To efficiently separate seeds from the fruit.
What is the best time to collect seeds from woody plants?
When the fruit is as ripe as possible, before it is consumed by wildlife or gets dispersed.
Rooting hormone can be used in order to do 3 things:
Stimulate production of root primordia in hardwood cuttings. Stimulate production of root primordia in softwood cuttings.
Stimulate production of root primordia in tissue culture.
Name three genera of woody plants that generally seed in spring time.
Populus, Ulmus, Salix
When is the best time to schedule container stock to be shifted up to a bigger size?
When roots begin to completely fill the container
A named plant selection deriving from selective breeding or asexual propagation or cloning; where identical or nearly identical plants can be reliably produced
“Cultivar” means a “cultivated Variety”.
Local provenance is important when seed-sourcing plants because
Adaptability to an environment is an inheritable genetic attribute
Frequent automatic misting irrigation is good for
Rooting softwood cuttings. Preventing softwood cuttings from wilting.
Tolerable temperatures for storing nursery stock (Bare root or container) is:
0-10 degrees C
The most important factors for success when lining out bare-root stock in the nursery or transplanting into containers are:
Ensure stock is protected from drying and kept cool and moist.
Planning a plant propagation schedule or crop production plan depends on what three factors, once a market assessment has been completed?
Plant biology, method of propagation and available facilities
What are the major issues caused by kinked or circular growing roots
Blowing over in high winds and general failure to thrive.
What is the best way to prevent girdling roots from forming during container production?
Shave or prune off all circling roots at every transplant time
Willow cuttings’ optimum size for propagating is?
Up to pencil size, and no more than two buds taller than the container.
Collecting seed is a good way to propagate plants that
Only can be propagated by seed. Cannot be propagated by cuttings. Come reasonably true to seed. Are local and therefore most likely to be hardy to the area.
Young, immature plants, intended for growing-on to mature sizes in nurseries, either by planting out in the field, or in containers are called?
Liners
Layering, as a means of propagation, is like rooting a cutting while it is still connected to the mother plant.
Yes
