4: Stress Flashcards
stress
an experience by person where resources cannot meet demands of the environment
stress response
physiological, behavioural, emotional reactions to stress
stressor
percieved demands person appraises as stressful
CMRT
cognitive motivational relational theory: theory that 15 core emotions (pos/neg) can relational theme that describes relationship between person and environmental
describe 5 sources of stress in sports
- psychological: self doubt, self criticism, performance anxiety
- physical: body, injuries, again
- social: coach, teammateaes, ppl watching
- environmental: weather, setting
- career: job safety
acute/chronic stressor
acute: short period of time ex) opponent scores
chronic: long period of time
ex) coach conflict, negative though patterns
expected/unexpected stressor
unexpected more stressful bc unprepared, not anticipated
describe the appraisal process
- key for identifying what’s stressful
- occurs rapidly together, can move back and forth
primary: WHAT is stressful, “WHAT’S at stake”
secondary: HOW can i change, “WHAT can be done”
describe appraisal process- secondary appraisal
evaluation of situations
- harm/loss appraisal: psychological damage/loss already occured
- threat app: anticipating harm may occur
- challenge: will be hard, but i can overcome challenge
competitive/non competitive stressors
- comp: before/during/immediately competition (results, injury, poor officiating)
- noncomp: still related to sport but not directly related to performance (team meetings, travelling, rehab, media)
non competitive stressors
include environmental stressors (indiviual’s organization)
- Intrinsic factors (training, competition load, travel injury)
- Roles (team captain)
- Career (income, fundings)
- Relationships (support, leadership)
- Organization/climate part
emotions
response to event/quick, quick onsetm short duration, cognitive appraisal, distinct physiological patterns, subjective feelings)
endocrine response
-emotion/stress characterized by cortisol/epinephrine
+positive emotions: greater cognitive activity in left prefrontal cortical areas in brain
-negative emotions: in right prefontal cortical areas in brain
emotions and facial expressions
emotions linked to disinct facial expressions
- happiness: raised eyebrows, smiling, widening eyes
anger: furrowed eyeborw, frowinging, lips pressed firmly
physiologocal effects linked to anxiety
increased heart rate, respiratory rate, skin conductance
difference in cardiovascular patterns of threat and challenge appraisal
both increased heart rate, stroke volume, global, cardiac output
difference in phenomena and cardiovascular levels
challenge: increase ventricular contraction, decrease in vascular resistance
threat: increase ventricular contraction, no decrease in vascular resistance -> high BP
coping
dynamic process where indivual puts in cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage appraised stressors
-manage external and internal demands
management skills
routine/autonomic process athletes in to prevent stress from happening in first place
ex) soccer player wearing shinguards bc angry when other people kick him becomes routine
how are coping and management skills related
-stress management is dynamic (constantly changing), coping strategy could become routine -> management skill
what does coping depend on
coping resources and perceived outcome
micro analytic approach
organize/describe how athletes cope
macro analytic approach
organize/categorize WHY athletes use particular coping strategies based on goals/functions of coping
describe 3 macro-level distinction
-problem focused coping
efforts directed at changing transaction/stressor directly
ex) new equipment, new game plan
-emotion focused coping
efforts directed at changing emotional response without changing transaction
ex)convincing self no one cares what exercise their doing
-avoidance coping: athlete removes/disengages mentally/physically from situation
ex)quitting
Coping Inventory for Competitive Sports
- for Francophone, Anglopphone
- integrate micro and macro
coping DIMENSIONS for coping strategies
- task: thought control, logical analysis, seeking support, mental imagery
- distracted: mental distraction/mental
- disengagement: venting, disengagement
coping dimensions
-task orienteed: dealing w source of stress and thoughts/emotion
problem focused + emotional focused
ex) logical analysis, effort expenditure, thought control, mental imagery, seeking support
-disengagement: disengagment during goal reaching
ex) venting, withdrawal
-distraction: distance/mental distraction
adaptive vs maladaptive
adaptive: more positive outcomes, related to problem focused
maladaptive: more negative outcomes, avoidance outcome
emotion regulation
- indiviuals which emotions they have/express/when/how they experience
- conscious/effortful and autonomic/unconsious
emotion regulation strategies
- Situational selection: actions to increase likelihood of being in situations that promote desired emotion
ex) choose which seat - Situation modification: influence situation directly
ex)apology for body checking - Attentional deployment:
direct attention towards or away from situation
ex) rumination, avoidance - Cognitive change: change emotional significance by changing how one thinks about event
“I didn’t make top 5, I can challenge someone else and get more watertime and improve.” - Response modulation: physiological, behavioural, experiential to regulate emotions
ex) hiding anger at ref for making call
difference between coping and and outcome of coping
coping is putting in efforts to deal with stress, outcome is result of coping efforts
perceived coping effectiveness
based on athletes perceived outcome if the coping reduced the unwanted stressor
good news coping and bad news coping
good news: organized, flexible, contstructive attempts
bad news: rigid, disorganized, destructive
achievement outcomes of task orienteed
task orienteed likely to attain better outcomes because more focused on goals and self improvement
emotional outcomes
- task orienteed: positive emotional states
- avoidance: negatively related to negative states
physical outcomes
improving coping skills and decrease risk of injury because anxiety contributes to mnuscle tension, change in information perception
describe factors that affect coping
gender
-no real proof but women might have to manage self presentation in beach bolleyball
culture
-culture strongly influences our values and what we find important
-indiviual characteristics: age/development/experience, personality, cognitive appraisal
-social/environment: coaching/teammates
burnout
condition 3 characteristics: physical exhaustion, deevaulate sport, deevaulate achievements
coping/emotion regulation interventions
- self compassion: desire to be moved by one’s suffering, wants to reduce suffering
- 3 characteristics: self kindness, mindfulness, common humanity
strategies for improving coping
- expressive writing: part of therapeutal process- can look back and self reflect, give disclose (somewhere to release pain)
- training logs/journal: what worked or what didnt work and why, allows you to anticipate for future stressors
