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Anatomy 2 > 4: Skull, Face & Scalp > Flashcards

4: Skull, Face & Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

where are all preganglionic sympathetics for the head located

A

lateral horn of T1

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2
Q

where are all postganglionic sympathetics for the head located

A

superior cervical ganglion

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3
Q

what nerves serve as the parasympathetics for the head

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX

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4
Q

why are lymphatics important

A

that’s where infections spread

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5
Q

neurocranium

A

cranial bones to protect the brain

8 bones

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6
Q

viscerocranium

A

facial bones to protect airway

15 bones

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7
Q

pterion

A

point where bones can readily break

blood from the middle meningeal artery can be a problem here

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8
Q

what is the orientation of the foramen on the face

A

vertical; important for the trigeminal branches (V1, V2, V3)

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9
Q

calvaria

A

skull cap

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10
Q

bones of the neurocranium

A 
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
occipital
temporal (2)
parietal (2)
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11
Q

bones of the viscerocranium

A 
ethmoid
vomer
mandible
maxilla (2)
inferior nasal concha (turbinate) (2)
zygomatic (2)
palatine (2)
nasal (2)
lacrimal (2)
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12
Q

features of maxilla & mandible

A 
alveolar processes
mental foramen (mandible)
infraorbital foramina (maxilla)
coronoid process
condyloid (condylar) process (TMJ)
head, neck, ramus, body & angle
mandibular notch & foramen
mylohyoid groove
mental spines or genial tubercles (superior & inferior)
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13
Q

boundaries of orbit

A

frontal bone=roof

zygomatic bone=lateral wall

maxilla bone=floor & part of medial wall

lacrimal & ethmoid bones=rest of medial wall

sphenoid bone=posterior wall

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14
Q

features of the orbit

A

supraorbital foramen/notch: in superciliary arch

optic canal (foramen): in median wall

superior orbital fissure: in medial wall

inferior orbital fissure: in floor

lacrimal groove (nasolacrimal canal): communicates with nasal cavity

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15
Q

boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

nasal bones + frontal sinus + ethmoid + sphenoid sinus = roof

maxillary bones = floor & lateral wall

palatine horizontal plate = floor

vomer & perpendicular plate of ethmoid bones = medial wall

nasal septum = medial wall

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16
Q

features of the nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae = projections from lateral wall

superior nasal conchae = ethmoid bone

middle nasal conchae = ethmoid bone

inferior nasal conchae = separate bones

conchae = turbinates

most of these features have a nasal mucosal membrane

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17
Q

what are the 3 cranial fossa

A

anterior cranial fossa (frontal lobes)

middle cranial fossa (temporal lobes)

posterior cranial fossa (cerebellum & brainstem)

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18
Q

features of paranasal sinuses

A

4 pairs of paranasal sinuses

spaces within skull bones

make bones lighter

add resonance to voice

lined by mucosal membrane

continuous with nasal cavity

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19
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal sinuses (2)

ethmoid air cells (3-13)

sphenoid sinuses (2)

maxillary sinuses (2)

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20
Q

cribriform plate

A

olfactory n. (CN I)

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21
Q

optic canal

A

optic nerve (CN II), ophthalmic a.

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22
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, VI, ophthalmic (CN V1)

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23
Q

foramen rotundum

A

maxillary n. (CN V2)

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24
Q

foramen ovale

A

mandibular n. (CN V3)

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25
Q

foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal a.

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26
Q

foramen lacerum

A

nothing passes thru it

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27
Q

jugular foramen

A

IJV, CN IX, X & XI

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28
Q

internal acoustic foramen

A

CN VII & VIII

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29
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

CN VII

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30
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

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31
Q

foramen magnum

A

vertebral arteries, spinal cord, CN XI

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32
Q

carotid canal

A

internal carotid a. (enter skull here)

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33
Q

layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)
Loose Connective Tissue
Pericranium
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34
Q

skin

A

thin (except occipital region)

many sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles

lots of arteries, veins, and lymphatic drainage

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35
Q

connective tissue

A

thick, vascularized subcutaneous layer

many cutaneous nerves

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36
Q

aponeurosis

A

strong tendinous sheet

covers calvaria

attachment for frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis m. and superior auricular m.

together = musculoaponeurotic epicranius

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37
Q

loose connective tissue

A

sponge-like layer

potential spaces that may distend with fluid upon injury/infection

allows free movement of scalp proper (1st 3 layers) over underlying calvaria

38
Q

pericranium

A

dense layer of connective tissue

forms external periosteum of neurocranium and is firmly attached

parts of it are continuous with fibrous tissue in cranial sutures

39
Q

scalp lacerations

A

in C layer

tend to bleed a lot bc well vascularized

can result in death

deep wounds into A layer gape, bc muscle is pulling aponeurotic sheet apart

40
Q

clinical note: loose areolar tissue

A

danger space of scalp

infections spread easily here

infections travel into cranial cavity thru emissary veins to meninges

fluid can move anteriorly into eyelids & root of nose

41
Q

occipitofrontalis m.

A

moves scalp back and forward

occipital m. + galea aponeurotica + frontalis m. (epicranial aponeurosis)

42
Q

anterior auricularis m.

A

protract ear

43
Q

superior auricularis m.

A

elevate ear

44
Q

posterior auricularis m.

A

retract ear

45
Q

frontalis m.

A

raises eyebrow (surprise)

46
Q

corrugator supercilii m.

A

draws eyebrow in (frowning)

47
Q

orbicularis oculi m.

A

closes eye (winking)

orbital and palpebral portions

48
Q

origin of mm. of eye

A

either bone or connective tissue

49
Q

termination of mm. of eye

A

always bone

50
Q

procerus m.

A

wrinkles bridge of nose

51
Q

nasalis m.

A

compresses & dilates nostril

52
Q

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m.

A

dilates nostril

53
Q

orbicularis oris

A

closes mouth

54
Q

levator labii superioris

A

elevates upper lip

55
Q

zygomaticus major/minor

A

draws mouth up

56
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

depresses angle of mouth

57
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses lower lip

58
Q

risorius

A

retracts corner of the mouth

59
Q

mentalis

A

protrudes lower lip

60
Q

buccinator

A

compresses cheek & assists with mastication

61
Q

levator anguli oris

A

elevates angle of mouth

62
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses lower lip

63
Q

temporalis

A

elevates & retracts mandible

64
Q

masseter

A

elevates & clenches mandible

65
Q

medial pterygoid

A

elevates, protracts & rotates mandible

66
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

protrudes & rotates mandible; opens mouth

67
Q

trigeminal n. (CN V)

A

sensory to the face & scalp

68
Q

cervical n. (C2-C3)

A

sensory to the back of the head, ears & jaw

69
Q

facial n. (CN VII)

A

motor to the mm. of facial expression

70
Q

mandibular n. (CN V3)

A

motor to mm. of mastication

71
Q

V1 sensory branches

A

supraorbital n. - to central forehead

supratrochlear n. - to medial forehead

infratrochlear n. - to upper nose

external nasal n. - to lower nose

lacrimal n. - to lateral brow

72
Q

V2 sensory branches

A

zygomaticotemporal n. - to temple

zygomaticofacial n. - to upper cheek

infraorbital n. - to maxilla & upper lip

73
Q

V3 sensory branches

A

auriculotemporal n. - to ear & temple

buccal n. - to lower cheek

mental n. - to chin & lower lip

74
Q

parotid gland

A

anterior/inferior to ear

calculus formation is assoc. w/chronic parotiditis (all 3 salivary glands) (stones can get caught in duct, VERY PAINFUL)

salivary fistulas (opening/communication to outside)

neoplasms (85-90% of mixed tumors involve parotid)

Frey’s Syndrome

facial n. (CN VII) passes thru gland and can be in danger during parotidectomy (damage can cause paralysis of facial mm. on affected side)

75
Q

Frey’s Syndrome

A

gustatory sweating

following a procedure, nn. get parasympathetic layer on top of them when healing

instead of salivating, your face sweats a lot in the parotid area

weird af

76
Q

nerve branches from parotid gland

A

pharyngeal arch 2 derivatives

nn. to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid mm.

posterior auricular n.

temporofacial branch

temporal branches

buccal branches

marginal mandibular branches

cervical branches

cervicofacial branch

“People To Zanzibar By Motor Car”

77
Q

motor innervation of facial n. (CN VII)

A

temporal branches - superiorly to temples

zygomatic branches - inferiorly to arch

buccal branches - medially to buccinator m.

marginal mandibular branches - along inferior mandible

cervical branches - inferiorly to platysma m.

posterior auricular branches - posteriorly to lower ear

78
Q

clinical note: facial n. (CN VII)

A

injury produces m. paralysis on affected side

n. may be inflamed at stylomastoid foramen

edema & compression of n. in facial canal

Bell’s Palsy: most common non-traumatic cause of facial paralysis (unilateral) (most resolve in 2-3 weeks, rarely permanent)

79
Q

buccal fat pad

A

anterior to masseter m.

covers buccinator m.

protects parotid duct and buccal branch of CN VII

gives cheeks fuller appearance

80
Q

buccal nn. of buccinator m.

A

buccal branch of facial n. - CN VII motor to buccinator m.;lateral to masseter m.

buccal branch of trigeminal n. - CN V3 sensory to buccal mucosa & skin of cheek (V3 ONLY PIERCES BUCCINATOR M. BUT DOES NOT SUPPLY IT)

81
Q

superficial temporal a.

A

branch of external carotid a.

at superior margin of parotid gland, runs anterior to ear to temporal region

travels with auriculotemporal n.

82
Q

superficial temporal v.

A

drains to retromandibular v.

runs anterior to ear to temporal region

travels with auriculotemporal n.

lose it once it dives under parotid gland

83
Q

transverse facial a. & v.

A

branches of superficial temporal vessels

cross masseter m. btwn zygomatic arch & parotid duct

supply blood to upper cheek region

84
Q

facial a. & v.

A

artery is tortuous & anterior to vein; branch of external carotid, superior to lingual artery

both cross mandible at ant. border of masseter m.

at angle of mouth

continue to medial angle of eye to angular a. & v.

85
Q

IJV branches

A 
angular v.
facial v.
superior thyroid v.
retromandibular v.
pterygoid plexus (deep temporal vv.)

deep venous plexus connects w/emissary vv.

86
Q

EJV branches

A 
anterior jugular v.
occipital v.
posterior auricular v.
maxillary v.
superficial temporal v.
retromandibular v.
pterygoid plexus (deep temporal vv.)

deep venous plexus connects w/emissary vv.

87
Q

lymphatic drainage of head & neck

A

ipsilateral

medial to lateral (neck)

drains inferiorly & superficial to deep

ultimately to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

88
Q

submental nodes

A

inf and post to the chin

drain from medial lower lip to the chin

ipsilateral

89
Q

submandibular nodes

A

superficial to gland and inf to body of mandible

drain from medial corner of orbit, most external of nose, medial part of cheek, upper lip, lateral lower lip

90
Q

preauricular & parotid nodes

A

ant to ear

drain most of eyelids, part of ext nose, lateral cheek

Anatomy 2 (6 decks)

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