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Psych 1000 > (4) Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

(4) Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the process of detecting external events with sense organs and turning those stimuli into neural signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense

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3
Q

Transduction

A

when specialized receptors transform the physical energy of the outside world into neural impulses

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4
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

first proposed in 1826 by the German physiologist Johannes Muller, the doctrine states that the different senses are separated In the brain

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5
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

the reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

the field of study that explores how physical energy such as light and sound and their intensity relate to psychological experience

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented

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8
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the smallest difference between stimuli that can be reliably detected at least 50% of the time

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli changes as a proportion of those stimuli

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10
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Whether a stimulus is perceived depends on both the sensory experience and the judgment made by the subject

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11
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

perception below the threshold of conscious awareness

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12
Q

Priming

A

which previous exposure to a stimulus can influence that individual’s later responses, either to the same stimulus or to one that is related to it

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13
Q

Top-down Processing

A

when our perceptions are influenced by our expectations or by our prior knowledge

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14
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

occurs when we perceive individual bits of sensory information (e.g. sounds) and use them to construct a more complex perception (e.g. a message)

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15
Q

Perceptual Set

A

a filter that influences what aspects of a scene we perceive or pay attention to

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16
Q

Divided Attention

A

paying attention to more than one stimulus or task at the same time

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17
Q

Selective Attention

A

involves focusing on one particular event or task

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18
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

a failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because attention is directed elsewhere

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19
Q

Sclera

A

the white, outer surface of the eye

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20
Q

Cornea

A

the clear layer that covers the front portion of the eye and also contributes to the eye’s ability to focus

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21
Q

Pupil

A

regulates the amount of light that enters the eye by changing its size; it dilates (expands) to allow more light to enter and constricts (shrinks) to allow less light into the eye

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22
Q

Lens

A

a clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye

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23
Q

Retina

A

lines the inner surface of the eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to the properties of light to the brain

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24
Q

Optic Nerve

A

a dense bundle of fibres that connect to the brain

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25
Q

Rods

A

are photoreceptors that occupy peripheral regions of the retina; they are highly sensitive under low light levels

26
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptors that are sensitive to the different wavelengths of light that we perceive as colour

27
Q

Fovea

A

the central region of the retina

28
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

the process by which the rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination

29
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

(young-helmholtz theory) maintains that colour vision is determined by three different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light

30
Q

Opponent-process Theory

A

a theory of colour perception stating that we perceive colour in terms of opposing pairs; red to green, yellow to blue, and white to black

31
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the point at which the optic nerves cross at the midline of the brain

32
Q

Feature Detection Cells

A

a set of cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to simple and specific aspects of a stimulus, such as angles and edges

33
Q

Ventral Stream

A

a neural circuit for vision that extends from the visual cortex to the lower part of the temporal lobe

34
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

a neural circuit for vision that extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe

35
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

an inability to recognize faces or face blindness

36
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective

37
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A

distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes

38
Q

Convergence

A

occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object

39
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

(binocular disparity) the difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes, which provides information to the brain about depth

40
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye

41
Q

Pitch

A

the perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies

42
Q

Cochlea

A

a fluid-filled membrane that is coiled in a snail-like shape and contains the structures that convert sound into neural impulses

43
Q

Sound Localization

A

the process of identifying where sound comes from

44
Q

Place Theory of Hearing

A

how we perceive pitch is based on the location (place) along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates

45
Q

Frequency Theory

A

the perception of pitch is released to the frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates

46
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

a major perceptual centre of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear

47
Q

Vestibular System

A

a sensory system in the ear that provides information about spatial orientation of the head as well as head motion

48
Q

Vestibular Sacs

A

structures that influence your ability to detect when your head is no longer in an upright position

49
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

three fluid-filled canals found in the inner ear that respond when the head moves in different directions (up-down, left-right, forward-backward)

50
Q

Haptics

A

the active, exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception

51
Q

Kinesthesis

A

the sense of bodily motion and position

52
Q

Nociception

A

the activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation

53
Q

Gate-control Theory

A

explains our experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit these messages

54
Q

Phantom Limb Sensations

A

frequently experienced by amputees, who report pain and other sensations coming from the absent limb

55
Q

Gustatory system

A

functions the sensation and perception of taste

56
Q

Olfactory System

A

involved in smell—the detection of airborne particles with specialized receptors located in the nose

57
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

a thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia

58
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

a structure on the bottom surface of the frontal lobes that serves as the brain’s central region for processing smells

59
Q

Multimodal Integration

A

the ability to combine sensation from different modalities such as vision and hearing into a single integrated perception

60
Q

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response

A

(ASMR) a phenomenon in which specific auditory or visual stimuli trigger tingling sensations in the scalp and neck, sometimes extending across the back and shoulders

Psych 1000 (16 decks)

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