(13) Social Psychology Flashcards
Altruism
Helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so
Bystander effect
The observation that an Individual is less to help when they perceive that others are not helping
Diffusion of responsibility
The reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation
Groupthink
A decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and stives for agreement
Informational Influence
Occur when people feel the group is giving them useful information
Mimicry
Taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others
Normative Influence
The result of social pressure to adopt a group’s perspective in order to be accepted, rather than rejected, by a group
Social Facilitation
Occurs when one’s performance is affected by the presence of others
Social Loafing
Occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others
Social Norms
The (usually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts
Social Roles
Guidelines that apply to specific positions with the group
Ostracism
Being ignored or excluded from social contact
Contact Hypothesis
Predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice
Dual-Process Models
Models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit processes
External Attribution (situational)
The observer explains the actor’s behaviour as the result of the situation
False Consensus Effect
Tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
The tendency to over-emphasize internal (dispositional) attributions and underemphasize external (situational) factors when explaining other people’s behaviour
Implicit Processes
Correspond to “unconscious” thought: intuitive, automatic, effortless, very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional control
Ingroup Bias
Positive biases toward the self get extended to include one’s ingroups and people become motivated to see their ingroup as superior to their outgroups
Ingroups
Groups we feel positively toward and identify with
Internal Attribution (dispositional)
The observer explains the behaviour of the actor in terms of some innate quality of that person
Naive Realism
The assumption that our perception reality are accurate, that we see things the way that they are
Outgroups
Those “other” groups that we don’t identify with
Person Perception
The processes by which individual categorize and form judgments about other people
Prejudice
Affective, emotionally laden responses to members of outgroups, including holding negative attitudes and making critical judgements of other groups
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
A first impression (or an expectation) affects one’s behaviour, leading one to “confirm” the initial impression or expectation
Self-serving Biases
Biased ways of processing self-relevant information to enhance our positive self-evaluation
Stereotype
A cognitive structure, a set of beliefs about the characteristics that are held by members of a specific social group; these beliefs function as schemas, serving to guide how we process information about our social world
Thin slices of behaviour
Very small samples of a person’s behaviour
Discrimination
Behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group
Attitude Inoculation
A strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter-argument and then refuting that argument
Central route to persuasion
Focuses on facts, logic, and the content of a message in order to persuade
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
When we hold inconsistent beliefs, it creates a kind of aversive inner tension, or “dissonance”; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can
Construal-level theory
Describes how information affects us differently depending on our psychological distance from the information
Door-in-the-face Technique
Involves asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something relatively small
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
A dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information will be most influential
Foot-in-the-door Technique
Involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request
Identifiable Victim effect
People are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single suffering person than by information about a whole group of people
Peripheral route to persuasion
Focuses on features of the issue or presentation that are not factual
