(13) Social Psychology

Question 1

Altruism

Answer 1

Helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so

Question 2

Bystander effect

Answer 2

The observation that an Individual is less to help when they perceive that others are not helping

Question 3

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 3

The reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation

Question 4

Groupthink

Answer 4

A decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and stives for agreement

Question 5

Informational Influence

Answer 5

Occur when people feel the group is giving them useful information

Question 6

Mimicry

Answer 6

Taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others

Question 7

Normative Influence

Answer 7

The result of social pressure to adopt a group’s perspective in order to be accepted, rather than rejected, by a group

Question 8

Social Facilitation

Answer 8

Occurs when one’s performance is affected by the presence of others

Question 9

Social Loafing

Answer 9

Occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others

Question 10

Social Norms

Answer 10

The (usually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts

Question 11

Social Roles

Answer 11

Guidelines that apply to specific positions with the group

Question 12

Ostracism

Answer 12

Being ignored or excluded from social contact

Question 13

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 13

Predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice

Question 14

Dual-Process Models

Answer 14

Models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit processes

Question 15

External Attribution (situational)

Answer 15

The observer explains the actor’s behaviour as the result of the situation

Question 16

False Consensus Effect

Answer 16

Tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world

Question 17

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Answer 17

The tendency to over-emphasize internal (dispositional) attributions and underemphasize external (situational) factors when explaining other people’s behaviour

Question 18

Implicit Processes

Answer 18

Correspond to “unconscious” thought: intuitive, automatic, effortless, very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional control

Question 19

Ingroup Bias

Answer 19

Positive biases toward the self get extended to include one’s ingroups and people become motivated to see their ingroup as superior to their outgroups

Question 20

Ingroups

Answer 20

Groups we feel positively toward and identify with

Question 21

Internal Attribution (dispositional)

Answer 21

The observer explains the behaviour of the actor in terms of some innate quality of that person

Question 22

Naive Realism

Answer 22

The assumption that our perception reality are accurate, that we see things the way that they are

Question 23

Outgroups

Answer 23

Those “other” groups that we don’t identify with

Question 24

Person Perception

Answer 24

The processes by which individual categorize and form judgments about other people

Question 25

Prejudice

Answer 25

Affective, emotionally laden responses to members of outgroups, including holding negative attitudes and making critical judgements of other groups

Question 26

Self-fulfilling Prophecies

Answer 26

A first impression (or an expectation) affects one’s behaviour, leading one to “confirm” the initial impression or expectation

Question 27

Self-serving Biases

Answer 27

Biased ways of processing self-relevant information to enhance our positive self-evaluation

Question 28

Stereotype

Answer 28

A cognitive structure, a set of beliefs about the characteristics that are held by members of a specific social group; these beliefs function as schemas, serving to guide how we process information about our social world

Question 29

Thin slices of behaviour

Answer 29

Very small samples of a person’s behaviour

Question 30

Discrimination

Answer 30

Behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group

Question 31

Attitude Inoculation

Answer 31

A strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter-argument and then refuting that argument

Question 32

Central route to persuasion

Answer 32

Focuses on facts, logic, and the content of a message in order to persuade

Question 33

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 33

When we hold inconsistent beliefs, it creates a kind of aversive inner tension, or “dissonance”; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can

Question 34

Construal-level theory

Answer 34

Describes how information affects us differently depending on our psychological distance from the information

Question 35

Door-in-the-face Technique

Answer 35

Involves asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something relatively small

Question 36

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Answer 36

A dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information will be most influential

Question 37

Foot-in-the-door Technique

Answer 37

Involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request

Question 38

Identifiable Victim effect

Answer 38

People are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single suffering person than by information about a whole group of people

Question 39

Peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 39

Focuses on features of the issue or presentation that are not factual