4. Pulmo Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Ventilation & perfusion
Respiration
Transport of O2 & CO2
Diffusion of O2
This is the act of moving air in and out of the lungs
Ventilation
Law of physics that explains ventilation
Boyle’s Law
What does the boyle’s law state?
As we inhale, the air goes inside the lungs. As we exhale, the air goes outside the lungs
This refers to the pulmonary blood flow
Perfusion
Which part of the upright lung has the greatest perfusion?
A. base
B. middle lobe
c. uniform throughout
d. apex
B. base
What is the normal V/Q (ventilation-perfusion) ratio?
0.8 or 80%
What is the normal FEV1/FVC (ventilation-perfusion) ratio?
0.8 or 80%
What is normal alveolar ventilation?
4L/min
What is the normal pulmonary blood flow
5L/min
What will happen to the alveolar ventilation in COPD?
Decrease <0.8
What will happen to the alveolar ventilation in CRPD?
increase <0.8
This refers to gas exchange
respiration
This refers to gas exchange
respiration
2 types of respiration
- external respiration
- Internal respiration
type of respiration that happens between the alveoli & capillaries
external respiration
type of respiration that happens between the capillaries & tissues
internal respiration
Mechanism of diffusion
higher to lower concentration
is diffusion an active process or a passive process?
Passive
Components of Upper respiratory tract
nose
pharynx
larynx
this is considered as the large mucosal surface area
nose
function of nose
filters & warms air
what is the hair in the nose called?
vibrissae
this is also known as the throat
pharynx
3 divisions of pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
functions of each division of the pharynx
nasopharynx- similar to the function of nose
oropharynx- conduits of air
laryngopharynx- conduits of air
Other name of larynx
voice box
function of larynx
voice or sound production
ensures that air will pass through the trachea
cartilages found in the larynx
thyroid (1)
cricoid (1)
arytenoid (2)
carniculate(2)
cuneiform(2)
epiglottis (1)
this is responsible for the sphincter function
epiglottis
known as the guardians of the airways
epiglottis
What is the lower respiratory tract known as?
tracheobronchial tree
how many generations are present in the LRT
23 generations
structures comprising the LRT
- trachea/ windpipe
- main bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
- capillaries
What are the structures of the conducting zone?
- trachea/ windpipe
- main bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
What are the structures of the respiratory zone?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
- capillaries
Other term for respiratory zone
Acinus/acini
this is the functional unit of the lungs
acinus
this is the structural unit of the lungs
alveoli
how many alveoli are present in the lungs?
300 million
this structure is the most common site of intubation
trachea
Common resting place for large aspirated objects
R main bronchi
The right main bronchus is ____ than the left bronchus
shorter, wider, & more vertical
Common lung for aspiration
right lung
common resting place for small aspirated objects
lobar bronchi
main bronchi bifurcates on the level of____
Carina
how many fissures are present in each lung?
right=2
lefy=1
What are the fissures are present in each lung?
right= horizontal & oblique
left= oblique fissure
What are the lobes are present in each lung?
right= superior, middle, inferior lobe
left= superior & inferior lobe
This is a tongue-shaped structure found in the left lung
lingula
what is the membrane that covers the lungs including the fissures?
visceral pleura
this structure is sensitive to stretch
visceral pleura
what is the membrane that covers the thoracic wall?
parietal pleura
this covering is sensitive to pain
parietal pleura
space found between the visceral and the parietal pleura
pleural space/ pleural cavity/ intrapleural space
what is the pressure of the lungs
-4mmHg
fluid found in the pleural space
pleural fluid
functions of pleural fluid
lubricates the pleurae
shock absorption
functions of
2 cells found in the lungs (pneumocytes)
Type I
type II
flat cells lining the alveoli
Type I
synthesizes/secretes surfactant
Type II
this reduces the surface tension of the lungs to prevent collapse
surfactant
newborn condition wherein the surfactant is decreased
respiratory distress syndrome or the hyaline membrane disease
mostly affected in newborn infants
small alveoli
How many segments are in the right upper lobe? what are these?
3, apical, ant & post
How many segments are in the left upper lobe? what are these?
3, apical, ant & post
How many segments are in the middle lobe? what are these?
2, lateral & medial segements
How many segments are in the lingula? what are these?
2, superior & inferior lingula
How many segments are in the left & right lower lobe? what are these?
5, superior segment (apical segments of lower lobes), ant basal segment, post basal segment, lateral basal, medial basal
What are the borders of the thoracic rib cage?
ant= sternum
post=thoracic vertebrae
lat= ribs (12pairs)
superior- thoracic outlet
inferior- diaphragm muscle
3 division of ribs
true
false
floating
what comprises the true ribs? Why are they called the true ribs?
1-7 ribs. they are attached to the sternum
what comprises the false ribs? why are they called false ribs?
8-10 ribs, they have no attachment to the sternum, they attach to the 7th rib
what comprises the floating ribs? why are they called floating ribs?
11-12 ribs, they have no attachemtn to the sternum or to the other ribs
Thoracic cage mechanism
Sternum & ribs 1-6; this increases what diameter of the thorax?
pump handle motion; increases AP diameter
Thoracic cage mechanism
ribs 7-10; this increases what diameter of the thorax?
bucket handle motion; increases the lateral diameter of thorax
Thoracic cage mechanism
ribs 8-12 or 11-12
caliper motion
Thoracic cage mechanism
diaphragm
piston action
muscles intended for relaxed inspiration
diaphragm muscle
external intercostals
this is the primary muscle for relaxed inspiration
diaphragm muscle
muscles intended for forced inspiration or the accessory muscles of inspiration
SCM
Upper trapezius
Pecs major & minor
Ant/middle/post scalene
Serratus ant./ post (superior division)
muscles intended for relaxed expiration
no muscles involved
there is only an elastic/passive recoil of lungs & thorax
muscles intended for forced expiration
Abdominals
Serratus post (inferior division)
Internal intercostals
where are the controls of respiration located?
brainstem (pons & medulla oblongata)
where are the controls of automatic respiratory center located?
brainstem (medulla oblongata)
what are the 5 controls of respiration?
- Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)
- Ventral Respiratory group (VRG)
- Pneumotaxic center
- apneustic center
- chemoreceptors
where is Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG) located?
dorsal medulla
other name for the dorsal medulla
nucleus tractus solitarius
main function of the Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)
inspiration
what signal is found in the Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)? what is the function?
inspiratory ramp signal
inhale= 2 secs on
exhale= 3 secs off
where is the Ventral Respiratory group (VRG) located?
Vetro-lateral medulla
other name for ventro-lateral medulla
nucleus ambiguus & retroambiguus
functions of Ventral Respiratory group (VRG)
main: expiration
also functions for inspiration
where is Pneumotaxic center located?
Upper pons
other term for upper pons
nucleus parabrachialis
funciton o f Pneumotaxic center
limits inspiration by switching off the inspiratory ramp signal
controls the rate & depth of breathing
where is the apneustic center located?
lower pons
function of the apneustic center
prevents the switching off of the inspiratory ramp signal
2 types of chemoreceptors, their locations, & their stimuli
- central- ventral medulla; increase hydrogen ions/ decrease pH
- peripheral- carotid & aortic bodies; dec PaO2. inc PaCO2, & acidosis (dec pH)
