1. Cardio Anatomy,Physiology,ECG Flashcards
What composes the Cardiovascular system?
Blood, Blood vessels, & heart
What is the shape of your heart
cone shaped structure
like an inverted pyramid (snell)
Blunted cone
This structure is relatively small and small sized as a small fist
heart
The heart rests on what structure?
Diaphragm
the heart is located where?
mediastinum
This is a mass of tissue extending from the sternum to the vertebral column between the two lungs
Mediastinum
About 2/3 of the mass of the heart is always pointed towards the ___
Left body’s midline
This is the broad portion of your heart
Base
This is the pointed end of the heart
Apex
This is oriented posteriorly, superiorly
base
This is oriented anteriorly, inferiorly
Apex
Level o f the apex of the heart
5th rib
level of the base of the heart
2nd-3rd rib
Covering of the heart
Pericardium
Covering of the heart
Pericardium
This is a fibrous connective sac that encloses the heart
Pericardium
The pericardium protects the heart from what
Trauma and infection
2 layers of pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous Pericardium
Outermost layer of the pericardium
Fibrous Pericardium
Functions of the Fibrous Pericardium
- Prevents the heart from over-stretching
- anchors the heart to the mediastinum
This is the inner most layer of the pericardium
Serous pericardium
Serves as a double layer of the heart
Serous pericardium
2 Layers of Serous Pericardium
- Visceral Serous Pericardium
- Parietal Serous Pericardium
AKA Epicardium
Visceral Serous Pericardium
Other Term for Visceral Serous Pericardium
Epicardium
This layer of the serous pericardium adheres tightly to the heart
Visceral Serous pericardium (aka epicardium)
This is the outermost layer of the serous pericardium
Parietal Serous Pericardium
This layer of the serous pericardium adheres tightly to the fibrous pericardium
Parietal Serous Pericardium
This fluid decreases the friction in the heart
Pericardial Fluid
Location of the pericardial fluid
between the visceral and the parietal serous pericardium
Normal amount of the pericardial fluid
50ml
This is seen when there is a decrease in the pericardial fluid
(+) Pericardial Friction Rub
This occurs when there is a increase in the pericardial fluid
Cardiac tamponade
This occurs in a condition called pericarditis
decrease in the pericardial fluid
(+)pericardial friction rub
Patients with this condition may die secondary to cardiac arrest
Cardiac Tamponade due to increase in pericardial fluid (prevents the heart form pumping)
Surfaces of the heart
- Anterior Surface AKA Sternocostal Surface
- Posterior surface of the heart AKA base surface
- Inferior Surface of the heart AKA diaphragmatic surface
Other term for the Anterior Surface
Sternocostal Surface
Chambers of the heart that is located anteriorly
Right atrium & right ventricle
This is the most anterior surface of the heart
Right Ventricle
Other term of posterior surface of the heart
Base surface
chambers that composes the posterior surface of the heart
Right atrium and left Atrium
Most posterior surface of the heart
Left Atrium
Other term Inferior Surface of the heart
Diaphragmatic surface
chambers that composes the inferior surface of the heart
Right ventricle & left ventricle
Most inferior surface of the heart
Left ventricle
Forms the apex of the heart
Left Ventricle
function of the atria
receiving chambers
Anterior wall of the 2 atria are (smooth/rough) due to the presence of ____
Rough, pectinate muscle
Septum that divides the left and right atria
Interatrial septum
The oval depression found in the interatrial septum is called____
Fossa ovalis
This is the remnant of the foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
This is the opening of the interatrial septum of a fetal heart that normally closes after birth
foramen ovale
Function of the ventricles
Pumping chambers
Ridges of cardiac muscle fibers found in the ventricles
trabeculae carnae
this is a cone shape structure of trabeculae carnae
papillary muscle
This is where the chordae tendinae are attached
papillary muscle
Muscles in the ventricle:
_____muscle contracts, pulls _____ so that the valves will close.
Papillary muscle contracts, pulls chordae tendinae so that the valves will close.
Septum that divides the left and the right ventricle
interventricular septum
prevents the back flow of the blood
valves
valves found between the atrium and ventricles
atrioventricular valves
other term for atrioventricular valves
inlet valves
atrioventricular valve on the right is called
Tricuspid valve
atrioventricular valve on the left is called
bicuspid valve AKA mitral valve
Other term for Semilunar valves
outlet valves
The aorta is the great artery leaving this chamber of the heart:
Left Ventricle
The pulmonary artery is the great artery leaving this chamber of the heart:
right ventricle
2 semilunar valves
- aortic valve to the aorta
- pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery
Left side of the heart has (decreased/ increased pressure) while the right side of the heart has (decreased/ increased pressure)
increased, decreased
Branches of aorta
- Ascending aorta
- arch of aorta
- brachiocephalic artery
- Descending aorta
- Thoracic Aorta
- Abdominal Aorta
Bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery
- common carotid artery
- subclavian artery
Bifurcation of the common carotid artery
External common carotid artery
Internal common carotid artery
This artery terminates on the TMJ and supplies blood to the superficial structures of the skull
External common carotid artery
Branches of Internal common carotid artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral Artery
Bifurcation of the subclavian artery
axillary artery
vertebral artery
Vertebral artery branches out to form the _____ which will turn to ____
basillar artery; Posterior Cerebral Artery
Axillary artery will turn to ____ which branches out to form the _____
Brachial artery; radial and ulnar artery
There is no (right, left) Brachiocephalic artery
left
The left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery rises directly from _____ due to the absence of the left brachiocephalic artery
arch of the aorta
This blood vessel does not originate from the aortic arch:
a. Right common carotid artery
b. Left subclavian artery
c. Innominate Artery
d. Left common carotid artery
a. Right common carotid artery
Abdominal artery branches out to form ____
Common Iliac Artery
Common Iliac artery branches out to form____
External Common Iliac Artery
Internal Common Iliac artery
Other Name of Internal Common Iliac artery
Hypogastric Artery
Internal Common Iliac artery supplies blood to the _____
Pelvis, Buttocks, genitals
External Common Iliac forms the____
Femoral Artery
Femoral Artery form the ___ which forms ____
Popliteal Artery; tibial artery
Heart sounds audible to the ear
S1 &2
Heart sounds heard via phonocardiogram
S3&4
heart sound “lub” louder and longer in pitch
S1
Heart sound which is the closure of AV valve
S1
Closure of AV valve is the beginning of ___
Ventricular systole
heart sound “dub” not as loud and shorter in pitch
S2
Closure of semilunar valve is the beginning of ___
ventricular diastole
Sound made form the rapid filling of the ventricles
S3
heard in CHF
S3, ventricular gallop
heard in atrial systole
S4
heard in MI or hypertension
S4, Atrial gallop
2 Great controlling centers of the heart
- Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
- Conducting System
Sympathetic control of the heart does what to the contractions?
increases
Parasympathetic control of the heart does what to the contractions?
decrease
Composes the Conducting System of the Heart
Sinoatrial node/Sinus node
Primary pacemaker of the heart
Sinoatrial node/Sinus node
This initiates the depolarization of the heart
Sinoatrial node/Sinus node
Location of Sinoatrial node/Sinus node
Right atrium
Superior septal wall of the right atrium, immediately below slightly lateral to the opening of the Superior vena cava
Other term for atrioventricular node
junctional node
location of junctional node
behind the tricuspid valve
Most common site for heart block
junctional node
Location o f Bundle of His
Interventricular septum
Location of purkinje fibers
surrounds 2 ventricles
largest pace maker of the heart
purkinje fibers
Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart
coronary artery
2 branches of coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery supplies:
RA
RV (majority)
LV (minor)
SA node
Left coronary artery supplies:
LA
LV(Majority)
RV (Minor)
Branches of Left coronary artery supplies:
- Left anterior descending artery
- Circumflex
The specialty of the 2 arteries is to supply blood in the Left ventricle
- Left anterior descending artery
- Circumflex
Left anterior descending artery supplies what part of the left ventricle
Anterior wall & apical wall
Circumflex supplies what part of the left ventricle
lateral wall and inferior wall of the left ventricle
Most affected structure in the occlusion of the right coronary artery is____
SA node
Most affected structure in the occlusion of the left coronary artery is____
left ventricle
Most common coronary artery occluded
Left coronary artery
what is the larger artery between the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery?
Left Coronary artery. The deposition is more common in the left.
charge of cardiac muscle (action potential)
-85mV
other term for phase 0 of cardiac action potential
depolarization
what occurs in phase 0: depolarization in the cardiac action potential?
inward current of Na
other term for phase 1 of cardiac action potential
initial repolarization
what occurs in phase 1: initial repolarization in the cardiac action potential?
decrease Na influx
outward current of K
Other term for phase 2 of cardiac action potential
plateau
what occurs in phase 2: plateau in the cardiac action potential?
Maintained depolarization
inward current of Ca
Other term for phase 3 in cardiac action potential
Repolarization
Other term for phase 3 in cardiac action potential
Repolarization
what occurs in phase 3: repolarization in the cardiac action potential?
decrease influx of Ca
outward current of K
Other term for phase 4 of cardiac action potential
resting membrane potential
what occurs in phase 4: resting membrane potential in the cardiac action potential?
charge returns to -85mV
This is the pumping action of the heart
Cardiac cycle
ventricular relaxation of the heart
Diastole
ventricular contraction of the heart
Systole
Period of rapid filling of ventricles
First third of diastole where in 75% of the blood is transferred from atria to ventricle is done (passively/actively)
passively
Period of rapid filling of ventricles
What occurs during the middle third of diastole
continuous blAood flow
Period of rapid filling of ventricles
What occurs during the last third of diastole
25% of blood is transferred from atria to ventricle
atria systole/ atrial kick occurs
Period of rapid filling of ventricles
AV valve (open/close)
Semilunar valves (open/close)
open;close
maximum blood flow occurs in what part of diastole
during period of rapid filling of ventricles, 1st third of diastole
Period of Isovolumic Contraction
Blood is now located where during this period?
in the ventricles
Period of Isovolumic Contraction
what happens to the ventricular pressure in the period
increased ventricular pressure
Period of Isovolumic Contraction
AV valve (open/close)
SL valve (open/close)
close;close
Period of ejection
how much pressure is needed for the Right ventricle to eject blood
8mmHg
Period of ejection
how much pressure is needed for the left ventricle to eject blood
80mmHg
normal pulmonary artery pressure
8mmHg
Normal aorta pressure
80mmHg
This is the ventricular force required to open the semilunar valves
afterload
Period of ejection
What happens during the first third of ejection?
70% of blood is transferred to the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Period of ejection
what happens during the last 2/3 of ejection
30% of blood is transferred to the pulmonary artery and the aorta
period of ejection
AV valves (open/close)
Semilunar valves (open/close)
close; open
where is the blood located during the period of isovolumic relaxation
in the blood vessels
period of isovolumic relaxation
What happens to the ventricular pressure?
Decrease
period of isovolumic relaxation
Av valves (open/close)
Semilunar valves (open/close)
close; close
AV valves start to slowly open
this is the highest arterial pressure & how much
Systolic 120mmhg
this is the lowest arterial pressure & how much
Diastolic 80mmHg
Difference between the systolic BP & diastolic BP
SBP-DBP
pulse pressure
Normal pulse pressure
40mmHg
This is the average pressure of the peripheral pulse
pulse pressure
The amount of blood left after the diastole
end diastolic volume
The amount of blood left after the ventricular relaxation
end diastolic volume
Normal amount of end diastolic volume
120ml
This is the initial stretching of the heart
preload
The amount of blood left after the systole
End systolic volume
The amount of blood left after the ventricular contraction
End systolic volume
Normal amount of End systolic volume
50ml
the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per contraction
Stroke volume
Normal amount of stroke volume
70ml
Formula for stroke volume
EDV-ESV
The normal amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute
Cardiac output
Normal resting cardiac output
4-6liters
Formula of cardiac output
Stroke volume x Heart rate
Average pressure with respect to time
Mean arterial pressure
formula of Mean arterial pressure
DBP + 1/3(pulse pressure)
Average pressure of the large arteries of the body
Mean arterial pressure
ECG
p wave is -__
Atrial depolarization
ECG
QRS complex is ___
Ventricular depolarization
ECG
T wave is____
Ventricular repolarization
This is the beginning of P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex
PR interval
This is the beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of the ventricular depolarization
PR interval
This is the beginning of atrial contraction to the beginning of the ventricular contraction
PR interval
This is the beginning of QRS complex to the end of the T wave
QT Interval
This is the beginning of ventricular contraction to the end of the ventricular relaxation
QT Interval
End of P wave to the beginning of QRS complex
PR segment
End of QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave
ST segment
Condition when there is prolonged PR interval
Heart Block
Wide bizarre odd QRS complexes
Premature ventricular contraction
skipping of heart beat
Condition when there is ST segment elevation
Myocardial infarction
Condition when there is ST segment depression
Myocardial ischemia
