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GR > 1. Cardio Anatomy,Physiology,ECG > Flashcards

1. Cardio Anatomy,Physiology,ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the Cardiovascular system?

A

Blood, Blood vessels, & heart

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2
Q

What is the shape of your heart

A

cone shaped structure

like an inverted pyramid (snell)

Blunted cone

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3
Q

This structure is relatively small and small sized as a small fist

A

heart

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4
Q

The heart rests on what structure?

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

the heart is located where?

A

mediastinum

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6
Q

This is a mass of tissue extending from the sternum to the vertebral column between the two lungs

A

Mediastinum

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7
Q

About 2/3 of the mass of the heart is always pointed towards the ___

A

Left body’s midline

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8
Q

This is the broad portion of your heart

A

Base

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9
Q

This is the pointed end of the heart

A

Apex

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10
Q

This is oriented posteriorly, superiorly

A

base

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11
Q

This is oriented anteriorly, inferiorly

A

Apex

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12
Q

Level o f the apex of the heart

A

5th rib

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13
Q

level of the base of the heart

A

2nd-3rd rib

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14
Q

Covering of the heart

A

Pericardium

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15
Q

Covering of the heart

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

This is a fibrous connective sac that encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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17
Q

The pericardium protects the heart from what

A

Trauma and infection

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18
Q

2 layers of pericardium

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous Pericardium
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19
Q

Outermost layer of the pericardium

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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20
Q

Functions of the Fibrous Pericardium

A
  1. Prevents the heart from over-stretching
  2. anchors the heart to the mediastinum
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21
Q

This is the inner most layer of the pericardium

A

Serous pericardium

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22
Q

Serves as a double layer of the heart

A

Serous pericardium

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23
Q

2 Layers of Serous Pericardium

A
  1. Visceral Serous Pericardium
  2. Parietal Serous Pericardium
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24
Q

AKA Epicardium

A

Visceral Serous Pericardium

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25
Q

Other Term for Visceral Serous Pericardium

A

Epicardium

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26
Q

This layer of the serous pericardium adheres tightly to the heart

A

Visceral Serous pericardium (aka epicardium)

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27
Q

This is the outermost layer of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal Serous Pericardium

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28
Q

This layer of the serous pericardium adheres tightly to the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal Serous Pericardium

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29
Q

This fluid decreases the friction in the heart

A

Pericardial Fluid

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30
Q

Location of the pericardial fluid

A

between the visceral and the parietal serous pericardium

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31
Q

Normal amount of the pericardial fluid

A

50ml

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32
Q

This is seen when there is a decrease in the pericardial fluid

A

(+) Pericardial Friction Rub

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33
Q

This occurs when there is a increase in the pericardial fluid

A

Cardiac tamponade

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34
Q

This occurs in a condition called pericarditis

A

decrease in the pericardial fluid

(+)pericardial friction rub

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35
Q

Patients with this condition may die secondary to cardiac arrest

A

Cardiac Tamponade due to increase in pericardial fluid (prevents the heart form pumping)

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36
Q

Surfaces of the heart

A
  1. Anterior Surface AKA Sternocostal Surface
  2. Posterior surface of the heart AKA base surface
  3. Inferior Surface of the heart AKA diaphragmatic surface
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37
Q

Other term for the Anterior Surface

A

Sternocostal Surface

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38
Q

Chambers of the heart that is located anteriorly

A

Right atrium & right ventricle

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39
Q

This is the most anterior surface of the heart

A

Right Ventricle

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40
Q

Other term of posterior surface of the heart

A

Base surface

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41
Q

chambers that composes the posterior surface of the heart

A

Right atrium and left Atrium

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42
Q

Most posterior surface of the heart

A

Left Atrium

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43
Q

Other term Inferior Surface of the heart

A

Diaphragmatic surface

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44
Q

chambers that composes the inferior surface of the heart

A

Right ventricle & left ventricle

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45
Q

Most inferior surface of the heart

A

Left ventricle

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46
Q

Forms the apex of the heart

A

Left Ventricle

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47
Q

function of the atria

A

receiving chambers

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48
Q

Anterior wall of the 2 atria are (smooth/rough) due to the presence of ____

A

Rough, pectinate muscle

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49
Q

Septum that divides the left and right atria

A

Interatrial septum

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50
Q

The oval depression found in the interatrial septum is called____

A

Fossa ovalis

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51
Q

This is the remnant of the foramen ovale

A

Fossa ovalis

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52
Q

This is the opening of the interatrial septum of a fetal heart that normally closes after birth

A

foramen ovale

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53
Q

Function of the ventricles

A

Pumping chambers

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54
Q

Ridges of cardiac muscle fibers found in the ventricles

A

trabeculae carnae

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55
Q

this is a cone shape structure of trabeculae carnae

A

papillary muscle

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56
Q

This is where the chordae tendinae are attached

A

papillary muscle

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57
Q

Muscles in the ventricle:

_____muscle contracts, pulls _____ so that the valves will close.

A

Papillary muscle contracts, pulls chordae tendinae so that the valves will close.

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58
Q

Septum that divides the left and the right ventricle

A

interventricular septum

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59
Q

prevents the back flow of the blood

A

valves

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60
Q

valves found between the atrium and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

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61
Q

other term for atrioventricular valves

A

inlet valves

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62
Q

atrioventricular valve on the right is called

A

Tricuspid valve

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63
Q

atrioventricular valve on the left is called

A

bicuspid valve AKA mitral valve

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64
Q

Other term for Semilunar valves

A

outlet valves

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65
Q

The aorta is the great artery leaving this chamber of the heart:

A

Left Ventricle

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66
Q

The pulmonary artery is the great artery leaving this chamber of the heart:

A

right ventricle

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67
Q

2 semilunar valves

A
  1. aortic valve to the aorta
  2. pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery
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68
Q

Left side of the heart has (decreased/ increased pressure) while the right side of the heart has (decreased/ increased pressure)

A

increased, decreased

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69
Q

Branches of aorta

A
  1. Ascending aorta
  2. arch of aorta
  3. brachiocephalic artery
  4. Descending aorta
  5. Thoracic Aorta
  6. Abdominal Aorta
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70
Q

Bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery

A
  1. common carotid artery
  2. subclavian artery
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71
Q

Bifurcation of the common carotid artery

A

External common carotid artery

Internal common carotid artery

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72
Q

This artery terminates on the TMJ and supplies blood to the superficial structures of the skull

A

External common carotid artery

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73
Q

Branches of Internal common carotid artery

A

Anterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral Artery

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74
Q

Bifurcation of the subclavian artery

A

axillary artery

vertebral artery

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75
Q

Vertebral artery branches out to form the _____ which will turn to ____

A

basillar artery; Posterior Cerebral Artery

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76
Q

Axillary artery will turn to ____ which branches out to form the _____

A

Brachial artery; radial and ulnar artery

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77
Q

There is no (right, left) Brachiocephalic artery

A

left

78
Q

The left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery rises directly from _____ due to the absence of the left brachiocephalic artery

A

arch of the aorta

79
Q

This blood vessel does not originate from the aortic arch:
a. Right common carotid artery
b. Left subclavian artery
c. Innominate Artery
d. Left common carotid artery

A

a. Right common carotid artery

80
Q

Abdominal artery branches out to form ____

A

Common Iliac Artery

81
Q

Common Iliac artery branches out to form____

A

External Common Iliac Artery

Internal Common Iliac artery

82
Q

Other Name of Internal Common Iliac artery

A

Hypogastric Artery

83
Q

Internal Common Iliac artery supplies blood to the _____

A

Pelvis, Buttocks, genitals

84
Q

External Common Iliac forms the____

A

Femoral Artery

85
Q

Femoral Artery form the ___ which forms ____

A

Popliteal Artery; tibial artery

86
Q

Heart sounds audible to the ear

A

S1 &2

87
Q

Heart sounds heard via phonocardiogram

A

S3&4

88
Q

heart sound “lub” louder and longer in pitch

A

S1

89
Q

Heart sound which is the closure of AV valve

A

S1

90
Q

Closure of AV valve is the beginning of ___

A

Ventricular systole

91
Q

heart sound “dub” not as loud and shorter in pitch

A

S2

92
Q

Closure of semilunar valve is the beginning of ___

A

ventricular diastole

93
Q

Sound made form the rapid filling of the ventricles

A

S3

94
Q

heard in CHF

A

S3, ventricular gallop

95
Q

heard in atrial systole

A

S4

96
Q

heard in MI or hypertension

A

S4, Atrial gallop

97
Q

2 Great controlling centers of the heart

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
  2. Conducting System
98
Q

Sympathetic control of the heart does what to the contractions?

A

increases

99
Q

Parasympathetic control of the heart does what to the contractions?

A

decrease

100
Q

Composes the Conducting System of the Heart

A

Sinoatrial node/Sinus node

101
Q

Primary pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node/Sinus node

102
Q

This initiates the depolarization of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node/Sinus node

103
Q

Location of Sinoatrial node/Sinus node

A

Right atrium

Superior septal wall of the right atrium, immediately below slightly lateral to the opening of the Superior vena cava

104
Q

Other term for atrioventricular node

A

junctional node

105
Q

location of junctional node

A

behind the tricuspid valve

106
Q

Most common site for heart block

A

junctional node

107
Q

Location o f Bundle of His

A

Interventricular septum

108
Q

Location of purkinje fibers

A

surrounds 2 ventricles

109
Q

largest pace maker of the heart

A

purkinje fibers

110
Q

Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart

A

coronary artery

111
Q

2 branches of coronary artery

A

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

112
Q

Right coronary artery supplies:

A

RA
RV (majority)
LV (minor)
SA node

113
Q

Left coronary artery supplies:

A

LA
LV(Majority)
RV (Minor)

114
Q

Branches of Left coronary artery supplies:

A
  1. Left anterior descending artery
  2. Circumflex
115
Q

The specialty of the 2 arteries is to supply blood in the Left ventricle

A
  1. Left anterior descending artery
  2. Circumflex
116
Q

Left anterior descending artery supplies what part of the left ventricle

A

Anterior wall & apical wall

117
Q

Circumflex supplies what part of the left ventricle

A

lateral wall and inferior wall of the left ventricle

118
Q

Most affected structure in the occlusion of the right coronary artery is____

A

SA node

119
Q

Most affected structure in the occlusion of the left coronary artery is____

A

left ventricle

120
Q

Most common coronary artery occluded

A

Left coronary artery

121
Q

what is the larger artery between the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery?

A

Left Coronary artery. The deposition is more common in the left.

122
Q

charge of cardiac muscle (action potential)

A

-85mV

123
Q

other term for phase 0 of cardiac action potential

A

depolarization

124
Q

what occurs in phase 0: depolarization in the cardiac action potential?

A

inward current of Na

125
Q

other term for phase 1 of cardiac action potential

A

initial repolarization

126
Q

what occurs in phase 1: initial repolarization in the cardiac action potential?

A

decrease Na influx

outward current of K

127
Q

Other term for phase 2 of cardiac action potential

A

plateau

128
Q

what occurs in phase 2: plateau in the cardiac action potential?

A

Maintained depolarization

inward current of Ca

129
Q

Other term for phase 3 in cardiac action potential

A

Repolarization

130
Q

Other term for phase 3 in cardiac action potential

A

Repolarization

131
Q

what occurs in phase 3: repolarization in the cardiac action potential?

A

decrease influx of Ca

outward current of K

132
Q

Other term for phase 4 of cardiac action potential

A

resting membrane potential

133
Q

what occurs in phase 4: resting membrane potential in the cardiac action potential?

A

charge returns to -85mV

134
Q

This is the pumping action of the heart

A

Cardiac cycle

135
Q

ventricular relaxation of the heart

A

Diastole

136
Q

ventricular contraction of the heart

A

Systole

137
Q

Period of rapid filling of ventricles

First third of diastole where in 75% of the blood is transferred from atria to ventricle is done (passively/actively)

A

passively

138
Q

Period of rapid filling of ventricles

What occurs during the middle third of diastole

A

continuous blAood flow

139
Q

Period of rapid filling of ventricles

What occurs during the last third of diastole

A

25% of blood is transferred from atria to ventricle

atria systole/ atrial kick occurs

140
Q

Period of rapid filling of ventricles

AV valve (open/close)

Semilunar valves (open/close)

A

open;close

141
Q

maximum blood flow occurs in what part of diastole

A

during period of rapid filling of ventricles, 1st third of diastole

142
Q

Period of Isovolumic Contraction

Blood is now located where during this period?

A

in the ventricles

143
Q

Period of Isovolumic Contraction

what happens to the ventricular pressure in the period

A

increased ventricular pressure

144
Q

Period of Isovolumic Contraction

AV valve (open/close)

SL valve (open/close)

A

close;close

145
Q

Period of ejection

how much pressure is needed for the Right ventricle to eject blood

A

8mmHg

146
Q

Period of ejection

how much pressure is needed for the left ventricle to eject blood

A

80mmHg

147
Q

normal pulmonary artery pressure

A

8mmHg

148
Q

Normal aorta pressure

A

80mmHg

149
Q

This is the ventricular force required to open the semilunar valves

A

afterload

150
Q

Period of ejection
What happens during the first third of ejection?

A

70% of blood is transferred to the pulmonary artery and the aorta

151
Q

Period of ejection

what happens during the last 2/3 of ejection

A

30% of blood is transferred to the pulmonary artery and the aorta

152
Q

period of ejection

AV valves (open/close)

Semilunar valves (open/close)

A

close; open

153
Q

where is the blood located during the period of isovolumic relaxation

A

in the blood vessels

154
Q

period of isovolumic relaxation

What happens to the ventricular pressure?

A

Decrease

155
Q

period of isovolumic relaxation

Av valves (open/close)

Semilunar valves (open/close)

A

close; close

AV valves start to slowly open

156
Q

this is the highest arterial pressure & how much

A

Systolic 120mmhg

157
Q

this is the lowest arterial pressure & how much

A

Diastolic 80mmHg

158
Q

Difference between the systolic BP & diastolic BP

SBP-DBP

A

pulse pressure

159
Q

Normal pulse pressure

A

40mmHg

160
Q

This is the average pressure of the peripheral pulse

A

pulse pressure

161
Q

The amount of blood left after the diastole

A

end diastolic volume

162
Q

The amount of blood left after the ventricular relaxation

A

end diastolic volume

163
Q

Normal amount of end diastolic volume

A

120ml

164
Q

This is the initial stretching of the heart

A

preload

165
Q

The amount of blood left after the systole

A

End systolic volume

166
Q

The amount of blood left after the ventricular contraction

A

End systolic volume

167
Q

Normal amount of End systolic volume

A

50ml

168
Q

the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per contraction

A

Stroke volume

169
Q

Normal amount of stroke volume

A

70ml

170
Q

Formula for stroke volume

A

EDV-ESV

171
Q

The normal amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute

A

Cardiac output

172
Q

Normal resting cardiac output

A

4-6liters

173
Q

Formula of cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

174
Q

Average pressure with respect to time

A

Mean arterial pressure

175
Q

formula of Mean arterial pressure

A

DBP + 1/3(pulse pressure)

176
Q

Average pressure of the large arteries of the body

A

Mean arterial pressure

177
Q

ECG

p wave is -__

A

Atrial depolarization

178
Q

ECG

QRS complex is ___

A

Ventricular depolarization

179
Q

ECG

T wave is____

A

Ventricular repolarization

180
Q

This is the beginning of P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex

A

PR interval

181
Q

This is the beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of the ventricular depolarization

A

PR interval

182
Q

This is the beginning of atrial contraction to the beginning of the ventricular contraction

A

PR interval

183
Q

This is the beginning of QRS complex to the end of the T wave

A

QT Interval

184
Q

This is the beginning of ventricular contraction to the end of the ventricular relaxation

A

QT Interval

185
Q

End of P wave to the beginning of QRS complex

A

PR segment

186
Q

End of QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave

A

ST segment

187
Q

Condition when there is prolonged PR interval

A

Heart Block

188
Q

Wide bizarre odd QRS complexes

A

Premature ventricular contraction

skipping of heart beat

189
Q

Condition when there is ST segment elevation

A

Myocardial infarction

190
Q

Condition when there is ST segment depression

A

Myocardial ischemia

GR (31 decks)

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