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APS357- conflict + coop > 4-mutualism > Flashcards

4-mutualism Flashcards

1
Q

why is reciprocity problematic?

A

delayed repayment

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2
Q

why is mutualism more widespread than reciprocity?

A

there is less opportunity to defect

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3
Q

what is mutualism?

A

both participants receive an immediate benefit

- interspecific

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4
Q

what is mutual benefit?

A

intraspecific, such as foraging efficiency, territory defence, mating and courtship

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5
Q

how do penguins gain mutual benefit?

A

huddling

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6
Q

give an example of mutualism involving humans

A

honey guide and honey hunters (spottiswoode et al 2016)- foraging partnership with brr hmm signal

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7
Q

give 2 improved foraging efficiency example of mutual benefit

A

cooperative hunting to catch larger prey

  • wild dogs hunt in packs meaning 70% of them are successful
  • humpback whales bubble net in groups, blowing bubbles to concentrate a shoal of fish in their bubble net, which can only be done in groups
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8
Q

how does foraging efficiency differ in lions that hunt alone vs larger groups?

A

alone: small prey such as warthogs
groups: large prey such as zebra and buffalos

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9
Q

describe the lion mutualism example for cooperative defence - mosser and packer 2009

A
  • F live in prides
  • F drive away intruder lions to have fewer neighbours
  • this increases F reproductive success and lower mortality
  • if more M neighbours wounding rate would be higher
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10
Q

what is delayed payback?

A

benefits to one partner may not always be immediate

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11
Q

when do M only form mutualistic coalitions with non kin?

A

when paternity shared evenly so there are mutual benefits among cooperating M

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12
Q

what is the long tailed manakin example of delayed pay off?

A

dance along the brainch and females visit these display sites to choose who to copulate with

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13
Q

give 3 points that mcdonald and potts 1994 discovered about long tailed manakin bird lek mating systems
- what was this due to?

A
  • M acquire adult plumage at 4 years so dont display until this point
  • M display in pairs (alpha and beta)
  • alpha monopolises matings (98%) and F choose to mate with alphas
  • due to mutualism with delayed pay off
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14
Q

describe the mutualism with delayed payoff for long tailed manakin bird lek mating system (6)

A
  • F prefer coop display with orderly queue
  • alpha M gets immediate pay off
  • beta M inherits alpha status when alpha dies
  • F faithful to lek sites
  • beta M inherit mating success characteristic of the lek site
  • beta M inherits mating success
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15
Q

in terms of mutualism what is a sentinel?

A

make themselves vulnerable to predators to warn conspecifics about approaching predators

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16
Q

what did Bednekoff 1997 argue about the safety of sentinels?

A

they are safer than foragers as are the first to know when and where a predator wil attack

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17
Q

describe the sentinel example for meerkats by clutton brock et al 1999 (5)

A
  • meerkats dig for invertebrates but makes them vulnerable to predators
  • sentinels stand on raised perch such as log
  • sentinel behaviour optimal once stomach is full and no other animal is on guard
  • sentinel guarding behaviour when well fed
  • behaviour is mutualistic
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18
Q

what is the mutualism/ sentinel between meerkats and drongos, as studied by flower et al 2014? (6)

A
  • drongos produce mimic alarm calls to scare species away from food that they then steal
  • fear response maintained if call varied
  • food theft is 23% biomass intake
  • 6 drongo specific calls, 45 mimic calls
  • after failed theft attempt will change type of false alarm call
  • deceived may habituate to deceptive signals
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19
Q

according to wright et al 2001, what increased sentinel behaviour in arabian babblers?

A

supplementary feeding

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20
Q

what is the interspecific mutualism between fork tailed drongos and pied babblers and how is it unstable? - ridley and raihani 2006 (8)

A
  • drongos forage on ground for invertebrates
  • babblers disturb flying insects to drongos can swoop to catch them
  • babblers gain a sentinel in return looking out for them
  • drongos reduce the need for sentinels in small groups so can spend more time foraging
  • in large groups babblers will become less responsive to drongo alarm calls and become more aggressive
  • drongos give false alarm calls to take food from young babblers
  • each party is trying to maximise their own reproductive success so unstable
  • babblers will displace drongos when no longer need the mutualism
21
Q

what is drongos giving false alarm calls to take food from young babblers known as?

A

kleptoparasitism

22
Q

what are mutualistic relationships always liable to lapse into?

A

parasitism

23
Q

in what 3 ways is cooperation maintained?

A
  1. facultative mutualism
  2. punishment/enforcement
  3. image scoring/reputation
24
Q

what is facultative mutualism?

A

each party only engages if mutualism beneficial

- drongo

25
Q

give 2 examples of interspecific mutualism in the form of cleaners and clients

A
  • oxpeckers feed on ear wax and blood but is unstable as wounds kept open
  • blue streaked cleaner wrasse eats 1200 parasites a day + inspects 2300 fish per day
26
Q

how is the blue streaked cleaner wrasse mutualism with fish unstable?

A

cleaners tempted to cheat as they prefer fish mucus to parasites + remove fish scales

27
Q

how can punishment prevent cleaner fish from cheating according to Bshary + Grutter 2005? (3)

A
  • cleaners prefer prawn over flakes
  • feeding on flakes (coop) is enforced by fleeing or punishment after 6 learning trials
  • coop enforced by making cleaner fish feed on less preferred fish flakes or by chasing the fish as punishment
28
Q

how may a reputation help?

A

building up a reputation for being cooperative means that others are more likely to cooperate with you

29
Q

describe bshary and schaffer 2002 field observation for image scoring/reputation for cleaner client interaction (3)

A
  • clients with a choice of cleaning station avoid cleaning stations with cheats
  • 60% return to cleaning stations with positive last interaction/ removed parasites
  • 5% return to stations with negative last interaction/cheating
30
Q

describe bshary and grutter 2006 lab experiment for image scoring/reputation for cleaner client interaction (3)

A
  • clients score cleaners coop image
  • prefer coop cleaner fish >60% first year and >80% in second year of experiment
  • cleaners more coop when being image scored/observed by another
31
Q

why do mutualistic interactions require no special explanation?

A

immediate benefit to both partners

32
Q

mutualists may be tempted to cheat but how are these costs reduced + how is coop maintained ?

A

by facultative association and coop maintained by punishment and need for good reputation

33
Q

according to Cant 2011 what can promote coop and limit within group selfishness?

A

punishment and hidden threats

34
Q

according to Cant 2011 why does conflict arise? + how can this be resolved?

A

individuals select to maximise share of inclusive fitness at a cost to others
+ bargain or use threats

35
Q

according to Cant 2011 why would you expect strong selection to avoid triggering threats?

A

a stronger bargainer experiences a drop in fitness if threat is triggered

36
Q

according to Cant 2011 what is the relationship between fish size and threat of eviction?

A

subordinates maintain their size as they adjust their growth rates to remain smaller to avoid being evicted

37
Q

according to Cant 2011 what is the relationship between dominance and eviction in meerkats?

A

subordinates evicted until after dominant female given birth
- the eviction reduces the probability that the subordinate will reproduce successfully

38
Q

according to Cant 2011 what is pay to stay in species such as cichlids?

A

subordinates may be forced to pay rent by helping

39
Q

according to Cant 2011 in the cleaner and client relationship what is the main promoter of coop behaviour?

A

ability to exercise partner choice

40
Q

according to Cant 2011 in hymenoptera queens and workers what is used to deter nestmates from reproducing?

A

aggression or egg eating

41
Q

according to Cant 2011 how do hierarchies reduce costs of conflict?

A

are stabilised by threats that are rarely exercised

42
Q

according to Cant 2011 what is the impact of a threat and when is this effect biggest?

A

fitness cost

when low fitness value of other options

43
Q

according to Cant 2011 what does the threat need to be?

A

accurately targeted so suffer consequences of own actions

44
Q

according to clutton-brock 2009 what are interactions between non kin maintained by?

A

mutualism, coercion, inducement

45
Q

according to clutton-brock 2009 what is the likely explanation for the difference between humans and primates for assisting?

A

the reliable exchange of valuable resources requires language to establish intentions

46
Q

according to west et al 2007 describe how coop can be found at all levels of biological organisation

A

genes coop in genomes

cells coop to make multicellular organisms

47
Q

according to west et al 2007 in theory why should coop be selected against?

A

reduces relative fitness

48
Q

according to west et al 2007 what can limited dispersal generate?

A

high relatedness

49
Q

according to west et al 2007 when is enforcement favoured?

A

if provides indirect fitness benefits such as reducing fitness of individuals competing with relatives

APS357- conflict + coop (16 decks)

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