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APS357- conflict + coop > 13-conflict over mating systems > Flashcards

13-conflict over mating systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are M and F limited by in the mating system?

A

M: access to F
F: access to resources

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2
Q

what is the mating system evolution?

A

resources> F dispersion > M dispersion

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3
Q

if parental care is introduced then what are M to F and so what is their dispersion dependent on?

A

critical

dependent on access to M

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4
Q

what does the link between M and F dispersal determine?

A

operational sex ratio and therefore the mating system

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5
Q

what does sex role reversal depend on and in turn what does that depend on?

A

potential reproductive rate

which depends on relarive provision of parental care

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6
Q

in seahorses usually M reproductive rate higher but when is F reproductive care higher?
- what is sex role closely linked to?

A
  • if lots of M care

- linked to potential reproductive rate

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7
Q

what does the intensity of conflict over care vary within and between?

A

mating systems

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8
Q

what are the 3 main mating systems?

A

monogamy, polygyny, polyandry

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9
Q

according to who what % of all bird species have biparental care?

A

cockburn 2006

81%

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10
Q

what is obligate monogamy?(4)

A
  • both parents essential for successful reproduction
  • parents forage long way from nest
  • parents have specialised caring roles
  • M provision incubating F with food foraged for
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11
Q

what is the hornbill example of obligate monogamy? (5)

A
  • F stays inside nest
  • moult of feathers which need to be regrown
  • F entirely dependent on M
  • F and chicks depend on M for all food up to 137 days
  • F will eat young if M don’t provide enough provision
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12
Q

describe Birkhead + Moller 1996 findings for obligate monogamy (3)

A
  • interests of parents aligned so conflict between parents reduced
  • expect less conflict between M and F when obligate monogamy as dependent on each other
  • extra pair paternity rate lower when male care essential
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13
Q

what is facultative monogamy?

A
  • failed polygamists
  • male care no essential but usually increases productivity so monogamy is facultative
  • due to limited opportunity for polygamy as M + F competition
  • usually M deserts as greater opportunity to desert (internal fertilisation) + more to gain (higher reproductive rate)
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14
Q

what occurs in desertion has no effect on reproductive success?
- what if it reduces the success to 1/x

A

desert

- desert if you can get more than x partners

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15
Q

in male removal experiments what was the % effect on reproductive success for each of these species?

a) song sparrow
b) seaside sparrow
c) dark eyed junco
d) ptarmigan

A

a) 51%
b) 66%
c) 38%
d) 100%

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16
Q

which sex may do better by desertion?

A

either

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17
Q

why is monogamy considered failed polygamy?

A

M should prefer to be polygynous

F should prefer to be polygynandrous

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18
Q

What is Mollers example of failed polygyny for 122 european passerines? (3)

A
  • 39% M european passerines polygynous
  • 20% of these have >5% polygyny
  • M looking for opportunities to become polygynous
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19
Q

what is Korpimaki’s example using owls for desertion? (3)

A
  • F desert rather than M
  • may desert 1st brood and pair with another male
  • if F successful will fledge 79% more young
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20
Q

what is mainly polygynous?

+ give an example

A

most mammals

- montezuma oropendola: 1 M may have up to 20 F in colony

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21
Q

when is there no cost to F in a polygynous system?

A
  • no M care provided

- F settle in relation to resources and other F determining fitness

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22
Q

under what 2 scenarios will F accept the cost of polygyny?

A
  • F have no choice

- benefits outweigh costs

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23
Q

explain using marsh wrens as an example when females have no choice

A
  • F biased pop
  • 1M:5F biased sex ratio
  • better to breed with polygynous M than to not breed at all
24
Q

explain using pied flycatchers as an example when females have no choice

A
  • F deceived by m
  • attract F to nestbox then fly away to set up a nest with another F
  • F believed M was monogamous
  • 10-15% M polyterritorial
  • reproductive success of 1st F unaffected but it is 40% lower for 2nd F
25
Q

what is the polygyny threshold model? (6)

A
  • F either joins mono M or breed polygynously with paired M
  • expect F to choose monogamy
  • choice depends on quality of breeding opportunity
  • reproductive success higher if monogamous
  • choose polygyny if difference in quality exceed polygyny threshold
  • paired M may be better than unpaired or may defend better resources
26
Q

what may the cost of polygyny be outweighed by?

A

benefit of access to good resources/benefit of conferring M good genes on offspring

27
Q

give 2 sources of evidence for polygynous threshold model

A
  • good genes: little evidence

- better resources: limited evidence

28
Q

describe the great reed warbler example for evidence for polygynous threshold model and how good is the evidence?

A
  • F visits lots of M territories
  • radio tagged F visit 3-11 M
  • no sig diff in no. of recruits + survival with F breeding mono or poly
  • limited evidence
  • poly F may not suffer cost relative to mono F
29
Q

what is polyandry? + what are the 2 types?

A

F prefer this as benefit from gaining access to paternal care of multiple mates but M have to share access to F with other males

  • cooperative polyandry
  • sequential polyandry
30
Q

what is cooperative polyandry?

A

increased productivity from more parental care outweighs costs of shared paternity, often in harsh conditions or when chance of M reproducing is low

31
Q

give an example for cooperative polyandry

A

galapagos hawk

  • 1F: 1-8M
  • raising single chicks needs >1 male as poor habitat
  • copulation, paternity, parental care shared amicably among M
  • M team up with little conflict
32
Q

what is sequential polyandry?

A

F lay series of clutches for multiple M and M provide care

33
Q

give an example of sequential polyandry (7)

A

spotted sandpiper

  • F compete for territories
  • M settle + care for clutches
  • abandon M to find another
  • M biased sex ratio
  • F increase reproductive success by attracting more M
  • abundant food + advanced chick allow uniparental care
  • caring for clutch is M best option
34
Q

list 3 things that determine the intensity of conflict

A
  • life history constraints
  • ecologica differences
  • social conflicts
35
Q

give 3 points about life history constraints

A
  • whether both parents can provide care or not + how much care offspring need
  • mammals: F can provide all care
  • birds: M and F care but depends on if offspring are independent or not and if not would need shared pairing
36
Q

what do ecological differences depend on?

- what is the mating system if breeding far away from food vs close to food

A

distribution + abundance of resources which influences mate dispersion + potential for polygamy

  • far away: obligate monogamy
  • close: polyandry/polygyny
37
Q

explain what is meant by social conflict

A

individuals try to maximise reproductive success at partners expense often through coercion or deception

38
Q

how do M and F interests differ between obligate monogamy and other monogamy, polygyny, polyandry?

A

closely aligned

there is sexual conflict

39
Q

what does the intensity of conflict depend on and what is it reflected in?

A

many factors + is reflected in interspecific diversity of mating systems + varies across + within mating systems

40
Q

what is the difference between M and F preference?

A
  • M prefer polygyny to access multiple F to increase reproductive success
  • F reproductive success increases by gaining access to parental care of multiple M in polyandrous system
41
Q

according to cockburn 2006 what is more common than previously thought?

A

F only care + coop breeding

42
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 in what groups is SS more intense + why?

A

polygamous rather than mono as more multiple mate monopolisation

43
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 what affects the degree to which SS can operate?

A

ecological constraints

44
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 under what conditions is polygamy more common?

A
  • when 1 sex predisposed to have most parental care
  • when parental care requirements minimum
  • when lots of food so one parent can provide full care
45
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 how do mating systems differ according to food availability?

A

lots of food: monogamy + resources shared evenly

less food: more mates needed

46
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 when is it difficult for M to monopolise all F?

A

if all F fertile at same time

47
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 what tends to occur if the environment leads to clumping of F?

A

polygyny

48
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 what allows M to monopolise F?

A

if M monopolise resources that F need

49
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 when does polygyny benefit F?

A

if genetic access to high quality M outweighs cost of reduced parental care

50
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 what is the relationship between F and M hummingbirds?

A

F incubate and rear young alone + M provide F with nectar + get rid of other M

51
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 what is a lek?

A

an organised aggregation with dominance hierarchy to attract and court F

52
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 what strategy can double reproductive potential?

A

F may lay 2 clutches : one that she incubates and one that the males incubate

53
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 how is the member of the limited sex expected to maximise inclusive fitness?

A

by controlling access to mates of limiting sex

54
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 when is SS more intense?

A

if more potential to monopolise resources or mates

55
Q

according to Emlen et al 1977 what does the form of the mating system depend on?

A

which sex is limiting and how they control resources or mates

56
Q

GO TO APS209 DECK 10

A

MATING SYSTEMS

57
Q

GO TO APS209 DECK 9

A

GAME THEORY

APS357- conflict + coop (16 decks)

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