Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APS357- conflict + coop > 11-family conflict > Flashcards

11-family conflict Flashcards

1
Q

what is SS characterised by and what can it result in in extreme cases?

A

sexual conflict

infanticide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is langurs + lions example of infanticide? (3)

A
  • matrilineal societies with 1 reproductive M
  • M taking over group has limited time to reproduce
  • effective to kill rival offspring so can reproduce with F as she comes into oestrus sooner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe sex role reversal + sexual conflict in wattled jacana?

A

polyandrous F with 2+ males

new F kills original broods + chicks start afresh with original M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 3 examples of conflict over reproduction?

A
  • co-breeding
  • breeding vs helping
  • inbreeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are joint nesting F usually?

A

close relatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the co-breeding example for acorn woodpeckers in 103 nests? (6)

A
  • F cobreeders
  • multiple M + F breeders - eggs laid in joint clutch
  • 86% F first order kin
  • 38% eggs laid in joint nests destroyed
  • reproductive conflict + suppression by cobreedrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why are eggs laid in joint nests destroyed? (3)

A
  • F destroying eggs of other F before incubation
  • F cant distinguish between own eggs and other F
  • 10% eggs laid by joint nesting F are runt eggs laid early when high risk egg destruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in terms of breeding vs helping what is the meerkat example? (3)

A
  • 3-50 dominant F + M subordinate F and subordinate M
  • negative effect of subordinate reproduction on fitness of dominants pups results in reproductive suppression by dominants of subordinate reproduction
  • reproductive suppression by dominants + subordinates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in terms of breeding vs helping for meerkats what often fails?

A

more subordinate pregnancies and litters fail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is subordinate meerkat reproduction costly? (4)

A
  • if dom breeds alone without sub, pups weigh more (vital for survival)
  • pregnant dominants evict subordinates
  • allowed back into group when sub pups born
  • more likely evicted if less related
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what % chance is there of sub meerkats being evicted if they are daughter/sister vs grandmother/niece?

A

25%

over twice as high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can some eusocial insect species workers do event though they don’t mate?

A

retain functional ovaries to produce sons as M develop from unfertilised eggs produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in hymenoptera how is a F worker related to…

a) son
b) worker/sister
c) nephew
- so what should workers do?

A

a) 0.5
b) 0.75
c) 0.375 (0.75/2)
- lay eggs and produce sons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the relatedness for a sister-sister diagram when the queen mates once?

A

via mother: 0.5X0.5=0.25
via father: 1X0.5=0.5
r= 0.75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the relatedness for a sister-sister diagram when the queen mates multiple times?
- what does this mean? (2)

A 
via mother: 0.5X0.5=0.25
via multiple possible fathers: =0
r=0.25 
- less chance of having same father
- this is why monogamy is importance in evo of eusociality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when queen mates multiple times what do queens prefer (1) and what do workers prefer (2)?

A
  • queens prefer sons (r=0.5) to grandsons (r=0.25)
  • workers prefer sons (r=0.5) to brothers/queens sons (r=0.25)
  • workers prefer brothers (0.25) to nephews (r=0.125)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is worker policing?

A

workers prevent other workers from reproducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is ratneiks + visschers example of worker policing in hymenoptera? (4)

A
  • worker laid M eggs eaten within 7-8 hours
  • queen laid M eggs not targeted
  • workers eat introduced eggs from other workers more than eggs from queens
  • can discriminate between eggs laid by workers and laid by queens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is foster + ratneiks 2000 example of worker policing in wasps? (3)

A
  • worker reproduction depends on mating frequency
  • high worker r means lots of worker reproduction
  • policing of egg laying by workers facultative behaviour depending on mating frequency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what did Wenseleers + Ratnieks 2006 find about worker policing?

A

occurs interspecifically and also serves to enforce altruism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what did Loope 2015 discover about queen mating and worker relatedness?

A
  • mates once: workers more closely related to nephews (0.375) than brothers (0.125)
  • mates multiple times: workers more closely related to brothers (0.25) than nephews (0.125)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what should occur in monogamous colonies when a colony switches from producing workers to producing sexual?

A

workers should kill queen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what causes certain colonies to be queenless?

A

where workers kill queen when high worker relatedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in emlen and wrege study on white fronted bee eater harassment what is the harassment and who do breeders harass?

A

chasing, interference in courtship + blocking nest access/egg removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in emlen and wrege study on white fronted bee eater what % of victims became helpers at the nest of the harasser?

A

34%

26
Q

in emlen and wrege study on white fronted bee eater if the breeder + helper are close kin how many young does breeding alone produce and how many young does each helper add?

A

0.51 young

adds 0.47 young

27
Q

in emlen and wrege study on white fronted bee eater if breeder + helper are close kin what is the difference in the breeder and the helpers perspective?

A

helpers: helping has about the same pay off as breeding does, pay off similar if breeders closely related
breeders: helpers breeding alone produces 0.26 young for the breeder which isn’t as good as 0.47 if helper could breed

28
Q

in emlen and wrege study on white fronted bee eater when do breeders gain more inclusive fitness?

A

if they help kin rather than breeding independently

29
Q

in emlen and wrege study on white fronted bee eater what are the % of recruitment of victims as helps at each of these relatedness:

a) r=0.5
b) r=0.25
c) r=0.125

A

a) 75%
b) 35%
c) 0%

30
Q

what can also result in conflict between breeders + helpers?

A

the risk of inbreeding

31
Q

what is the risk of inbreeding/incest in Koenig 1998 study of acorn woodpeckers?

A
  • potential for incest if breeder dies + replaced by helper related to remaining breeder
  • conflict over who reproduces in the group likely after death of one parent between remaining parent + opposite sex offspring
  • 5% of 75 cases of potential breeding resulted in incest
32
Q

how is incest avoided in acorn woodpeckers? (4)

A
  • power struggle over who remains in territory, 50% of cases resolved in a month
  • 10% these take a year
  • max take 3.8 years
  • helpers evicted from territory
33
Q

in acorn woodpeckers what % of helpers + breeders left when F breeder + helper sons?

A

helper left: 64%

breeder left: 27%

34
Q

in acorn woodpeckers what % of helpers + breeders left when M breeder + helper daughters?

A

helper left: 91%

breeder left: 2%

35
Q

what does resolution of family conflict depend on?

A

sex of protagonists but may be substantial costs in terms of reproductive output?

36
Q

CHECK APS 209 DECK 6

A

SS

37
Q

what does family conflict involve conflict over?

A

resources

38
Q

what does Trivers 1974 parent offspring conflict model suggest parents and offspring will disagree over?

A

optimal investment of parental care when parents are investing more than offspring

39
Q

give 5 points about Trivers 1974 parent offspring conflict model

A
  • more investment in offspring means more likely to survive but is curve of diminishing returns
  • investment is costly
  • offspring cost is cost/2
  • parents should aim for max inclusive fitness
  • optimal investment for parent less than optimum for offspring
40
Q

what does sibling rivalry involve conflict over, what does it often result in + give 2 examples

A
  • limited resources
  • siblicide + cannibalism
  • sand tiger shark: multiple eggs fertilised internally but only 1 offspring as largest foetus eats siblings
  • spadefoot toad: cannibal morphs
41
Q

what is Frank et al 1991 example of hyena sibling rivalry? (4)

A
  • twin pups unsupervised in burrows + fight often resulting in one dying
  • rivalry more intense in same sex twins
  • would expect 50% same sex twins but actually 15%
  • same sex siblings are future reproductive competitors
42
Q

describe the black eagle example for sibling rivalry (3)

A
  • in 199/200 nests 2 eggs hatch 3 days apart, only 1 survives
  • canism
  • older chicks attack younger siblings when they hatch
43
Q

describe the blue footed boobie example for sibling rivalry (3)

A
  • 2 chicks hatch asynchronously
  • larger occasionally pecks smaller
  • if food scarce, violence escalates until younger chick killed or evicted
44
Q

describe the great white egret example for sibling rivalry (4)

A
  • 3-4 young hatch at 1-2 day intervals producing hierarchy in size
  • intrabrood aggression: older chicks get more food + grow quicker
  • smaller chicks evicted from nest
  • 1/3 nests attacks end in siblicide
45
Q

what are the 5 main characteristics of siblicide?

A 
> resource competition 
> monopolise resources 
> spatial conflict 
> weaponry
> competitive disparities
46
Q

what is the white winged chough example of resource competition (Boland 1997)?

A
  • often chicks die of starvation

- less competition in siblings in nests with more food + higher survival

47
Q

how can resources be monopolised?

A

larger chicks get more food faster from parents

48
Q

how are competitive disparities under parental control?

A

set up by parents as some offspring are older than others

49
Q

list 2 main reasons for why siblicide occurs

A
  • insurance

- parental optimism

50
Q

what is insurance? + what species?

A

only enough resources for one chick so the second is produced as insurance against the first not surviving
- black eagle

51
Q

what is parental optimism?

A

large clutch produced where in good conditions all survive but in poor conditions sibling rivalry reduces brood size

52
Q

give an example of parental optimism

A

cattle egrets (mock + ploger 1987)

  • brood hierarchy arises from parental strategy to engineer optimal hatching asynchrony
  • time eggs hatch is manipulated
53
Q

explain sibling rivalry in humans, as studied by Rickard et al 2007 (5)

A
  • sibling rivalry may have subtler effects than siblicide
  • could occur in siblings from different broods
  • may affect fitness
  • sons more costly to produce
  • if elder sibling F then higher lifetime reproductive success
54
Q

what is the parent offspring conflict in the american coot (lyon et al 1994)? (5)

A
  • parental care essential for survival as 50% chicks starve
  • parents control who does + doesn’t get food
  • orange feathered chicks signal to parents offspring quality
  • those painted orange rather than blacks were fed more, grew faster + survived better
  • parental favoritism
55
Q

what is parental favouritism?

A

only a fraction of the brood survives so offspring compete for parental care using ornaments such as signals

56
Q

a) in humans what are foetal genes selected to maximise?
b) what are maternal genes selected to maximise?
c) what happens as a result?

A

a) transfer of nutrients to foetus
b) not to exceed maternal optimal
c) genetic conflict between mother + foetus over control of nutrient supply to foetus

57
Q

during implantation what do fetal cells do and what 3 things does this result in?

A

modify endometrial arteries into low resistance non constricting vessels

  • foetus gains direct access to maternal blood
  • blood flow to placenta not under local control
  • placenta can release hormone into mothers blood
58
Q

what 2 things can foetal manipulation result in and explain each

A
  1. GESTATIONAL DIABETES: placenta release human lactogen to maintain blood glucose levels, mother increases insulin in response, diabetes occurs in mother if inadequate response
  2. PRE-ECLAMPSIA: foetus enhances blood + nutrient flow to placenta by increasing maternal blood pressure, if too high then both lives threatened and risk of hemorrhage in mother
59
Q

describe findings from lawson + mace 2011 study on parental investment + child development (4)

A
  • more offspring = less parental care to share
  • more offspring = more economic hardship
  • more offspring = -ve effect on school attainment
  • family conflict occurs after birth where fitness measures are negatively related to family size
60
Q

what are families characterised by?

A

conflict + coop

APS357- conflict + coop (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions