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APS357- conflict + coop > 15-human coop + conflict > Flashcards

15-human coop + conflict Flashcards

1
Q

what is evolutionary psychology?

A

study of effects of genes on human behaviour

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2
Q

list 4 controversies with sociobioogy

A
  • cultural influences + ethical difficulties of experiments
  • simplistic arguments that are hard to test
  • Eugenics
  • motivation- not thinking about consequences
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3
Q

what is the life history theory for menopause?

A

NS should synchronise senescence of somatic + reproductive functions so individuals have capacity to reproduce throughout life

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4
Q

what is menopause?

A

loss of reproductive potential + long lost post reproductive life

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5
Q

in natural fertility human populations what is?|:

a) median age of final birth
b) menopause
c) post reproductive life

A

a) 38
b) 50
c) 20+ years

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6
Q

in pilot whales populations what is?|:

a) median age of final birth
b) post reproductive life

A

a) 36

b) 30

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7
Q

in killer whales populations what is?|:

a) median age of final birth
b) lifespan

A

a) 48

b) up to 90

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8
Q

list the 2 main hypotheses for menopause in humans

A
  • mother hypothesis

- grandmother hypothesis

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9
Q

what is the mother hypothesis?

A

mother avoids risky reproduction + mortality in later life + ensures survival of existing offspring

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10
Q

explain Lahdenpera et al 2001 example for the mother hypothesis

A

life history data on pre-modern finns + canadians from church records
- evidence suggest that beyond weaning offspring fitness not affected by maternal death likely due to compensation from remaining family members

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11
Q

what is the grand mother hypothesis?

A

kin selection means that post reproductive F gain inclusive indirect fitness by helping existing offspring to reproduce

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12
Q

explain Lahdenpera et al 2004 example for the grand mother hypothesis (3) including what having a grandmother rather than the presence of a mother is associated with? (6)

A
  • life history data on pre-modern finns + canadians
  • no. grandchildren correlated with post reproductive lifespan
  • allows daughter to have more frequent offspring as grandmother helps
    associated with:
    > higher fecundity
    > higher LRS
    > more kids if grandmother local (<20km) rather than dispersed
    > earlier reproduction
    > shorter birth intervals
    > increased survival
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13
Q

which of the 2 hypotheses for menopause is accepted + which is rejected?

A

grandmother> accepted

mother> rejected

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14
Q

is there evidence for a grandfather hypothesis?

A

little/no effect

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15
Q

what did Cant + Johnstone 2008 find to prove why grandmother hypothesis may not provide the complete answer? (3)

A
  • kin selected benefits of helping dont outweigh benefits of continued reproduction
  • suggest menopause also driven/ consequence of reproductive competition between mother + daughters
  • incentive to give up reproduction
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16
Q

how did Lahdenpera et al 2012 support findings that having grandmothers is beneficial to help with offspring?

A
  • no overlap between offspring + grand offspring reproduction
  • higher offspring survival if offspring from 1st gen does not overlap with those from the 2nd gen
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17
Q

what raised the idea that humans are coop breeders?

A

+ve effect of grannies on grand offspring production

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18
Q
  • in humans are siblings helpers?
    regarding a finnish population:
  • are aunties + uncles helpers?
  • are coop breeding wives helpers?
A
  • NO to all
19
Q

what is the effect of siblings on survival to sexual maturity according to Nitsch et al 2013?

A

+ve effect + increase in overall fitness by opposite sex elder siblings but if same sex is -ve effect on number of offspring + decrease in overall fitness

20
Q

which sex has the higher reproductive potential?

A

M- can father more offspring

21
Q

how doe human societies vary/according to what?

A

depend on ecological conditions + cultural influences

22
Q

in a study of 849 societes what % of people were each type of mating system?

A

polyandrous: 0.5%
monogamous: 16%
polygynous: 84%

23
Q

explain the Kashmir + Tibet societies example for polyandry in humans (7)

A
  • 2/3 husbands per wife
  • 33% M aged 10-59 in polyandrous marriages
  • 0.7 children per unmarried woman
  • 3.3 children per married woman
  • in buddhists: polyandry when severe constraints on agricultural land + when resources change polyandry abandoned
  • environment + culture determine mating system
  • Kinship in M + M age hierarchy reduce M conflict
24
Q

in Kashmir + Tibet societies:

a) what happens when people move into towns
b) what happens to the 2nd son in buddhist populations

A

a) abandon polyandry to be monogamous

b) may be sent off to monastery to reduce conflict between brothers/co-husbands

25
Q

in what societies is monogamy common in + what does social monogamy not mean?

A

hunter-gatherer + most western

- doesnt mean genetic monogamy

26
Q

in monogamous populations what is the relationship between testes size vs body size in: chimps, gorillas, humans?

A
  • chimps: large > promiscuous species
  • gorillas: small > low EPP
  • humans: low EPP rate historically
27
Q

what is Jokela et al 2010 example of serial monogamy in the US?

A

studied mean no. kids at age 40-47 in men + women

  • men have fitness increase with serial monogamy
  • not as true for women perhaps as they reach menopause
28
Q

what is serial monogamy?

A

having more than 1 wife/husband within single lifetime

29
Q

for what 2 reasons is monogamy not as common as it seems?

A

EPP

serial monogamy

30
Q

what can polygyny be equated to and where is it usually common?

A

resource defence polygyny

- wealthy high resource men

31
Q

what is the Kipsigis society in Kenya example for polygyny? (5)

A
  • if more land owned/resources then more wives

in 1267 societies:

  • 66% have bridewealth payments
  • more bridewealth in polygynous societies
  • M need to have resources to pay this + gain wives
  • 3% have dowry payments
32
Q
  • what is bridewealth payment?

- what are dowry payments?

A
  • husbands family pays womens family

- wives pay family

33
Q

what is polygyny like in Baka in Congo?

A

money used to buy wives

34
Q

in terms of polygyny what does the predominant mating system influence?

A

financial transition between families at marriage as well as patterns of inheritance

35
Q

what is the political complexity like in human societies?

A

at broader social level human societies more complex + operate at greater scale than any other organism

36
Q

through Currie 2010 analysis of the rise + fall of political complexity what was used to show what and what was classified? (4)

A
  • language phylogeny to evaluate evolution of language + transition between social states for 84 societies in SE Asia
  • showed transition between social systems that are defined by political complexity follow predictable pathways with changes in complexity occuring
  • classified societies into 4 social states:
    > acephalous
    > simple chiefdom
    > complex chiefdom
    > state
37
Q

what is the acephalous social state?

A

simplest with individual families living together but without a chief

38
Q

what is the simple chiefdom social state?

A

individual with authority over the community

39
Q

what is the complex chiefdom social state?

A

social structure beneath the chief

40
Q

what is the state social state?

A

complex society with civil service

41
Q

in Currie 2010 analysis of the rise + fall of political complexity what tended to happen with increases or decreases in political complexity?

A

increases: tend to be in sequential jumps
decreases: either sequential jump or bigger drops in social state + can result in social collapse

42
Q

what is menopause likely to have evolved from?

A

kin selection

43
Q

what are variable human mating systems related to?

A

cultural + ecological factors

44
Q

to some degree what do social transitions follow?

A

predictable pathways

APS357- conflict + coop (16 decks)

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