4- Mechanisms and mediators of acute inflammation Flashcards
Name 5 signs of acute inflammation
Redness
swelling
pain
heat
loss of function
Causes of acute inflammation
Infection, trauma, physical and chemical agents, necrosis, foreign bodies, immune reactions
3 morphological hallmarks of acute inflammation
Dilation of blood vessels
Activation & Recruitment of leukocytes
6 Rs of acute inflammation (steps)
Recognition of the injurious agent
Reaction of blood vessels
Recruitment of leukocytes
Removal of the agent
Regulation of the response
Repair
Name 3 mediators in acute inflammation
Vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin)
Inflammatory lipids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
Complements - C5a, C3a
Cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IL-6)
Which mediators cause vasodilation
leukotrienes and prostaglandin
3 outcomes of acute inflammation
Resolution, Fibrosis (scaring), Chronic inflammation
What mediator causes pyrexia in acute inflammation?
PGE2- prostaglandin
Which mediator triggers pain in acute inflammation
Inflammatory lipids
What are acute phase proteins?
Proteins that are synthesized by the liver in response to infection, illness, and tissue injury. The proteins enhance the inflammatory response, and aid the innate immune system in defense against pathogens.
Name 2 positive Acute phase proteins (increase in response to inflammation)
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Serum amyloid A (SAA)
Fibrinogen
Complement (C3,C4)
Name 2 negative acute phase proteins (decrease in response to inflammation)
Albumin
Transferrin
Transthyretin
Retinol-binding protein
Define transudates
Extravascular filtrate of protein and cell fluid
Fluid moves from intra to extra due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloids-osmotic pressure (or both)
What is a biomarker
a biological molecule that is objectively measured and is an indicator of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease.
What could cause an increased hydrostatic pressure? (Increased amount of blood moving out via pores)
Congestive heart failure
Define exudates
An extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration & can contain leucocytes
Acute inflammation is classified by types of exudates. Name 2 of the 4 types.
Serous (low conc of plasma protein & low leucocytes)
Fibrinous (fibrinogen)
Purulent (pus)
Haemorrhagic (vascular damage)
What is serous inflammation
Inflammation with exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and no to low numbers of leukocytes
What is fibrinous inflammation
Inflammation with exudation of fibrinogen and fluid, and formation of thick, friable, loosely adherent fibrin
What is purulent inflammation
Inflammation with production of pus, viscous to creamy liquid, an exudate consisting of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris and fluid. It is typically associated to bacterial infections
What is haemorrhagic inflammation
Inflammation with vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells. This type of acute inflammation reflects a severe inciting stimulus
How is chronic inflammation caused
Unresolved inflammatory process due to either the persistence of the injurious agent or some interference with the normal process of healing
