4. Gynaecology Flashcards
Uterus - changes during life (6)
Neonate
- Uterus is larger than expected for baby (maternal/placental hormones are still working)
- Cervic is often larger than the fundus
Pre-puberty
- Shape of uterus changes, becoming more tube like, cervix and uterus are same size.
Puberty
- Shape changes again, now looking more adult like (pear shape, fundus larger than uterus)
- Uterus starts to have a visible endometrium, phases vary during cycle
Ovaries - changes during life (2)
Infants tend to have large ovaries (1cc), then decreases and remains just under 1cc until age 6.
Ovaries then gradually increase to normal adult size as puberty approaches and occurs.
Turner syndrome (3)
45XO.
Often get aortic coarctation and horseshoe kidneys.
Pre-puberty uterus and streaky ovaries.
Embryology (8)
Mullerian ducts make the uterus, fallopian tubes and upper 2/3 of vagina.
Urogenital sinus makes bottom 1/3 of vagina (and prostate in males).
Wolfian ducts become male parts (Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, epididymis), and should completely regress in female embryology.
The uterus is made from the same embryological origin material as the kidneys, so right and left halves fuse together at some point to make it. The central cavity is then formed by cleaving from bottom to top.
3 main ways for embroylogy to fail (3)
Failure to form.
Failure to fuse.
Failure to cleave.
Failure to form (4)
No embryological material one one side means no kidney or half of uterus (unicornate uterus) on one side.
Unilateral kidney is associated with Unicornate uterus.
Failure to form can be Mullerian agenesis or Unicornate uterus
Mullerian agenesis (5)
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome.
- Vaginal atresia
- Absent or rudimentary uterus (unicornate or bicornate)
- Normal overies.
Kidneys have issues (agenesis, ectopia) in half of cases
Unicornate uterus (4)
4 subtypes (+/- rudimentary horn, +/- endometrial tissue).
Endometrial tissue in non-communicating horn will cause pelvic pain.
Endometrial tissue in a rudimentary horn (communicating or not) will increase risk of miscarriage and uterine rupture.
40% will have renal issue (usually agenesis) ipsilateral to the rudimentary horn.
Failure to fuse (2)
Spectrum of mostly not fused (basically separate, uterus didelphys) or mostly fused except top (Bicornus, looks like a heart).
Both get vaginal septa (didelphis more than biconus, because it’s the more severe anomaly)
Uterus Didelphis (4)
Complete uterine duplication (2 cervices, 2 uteri, 2 upper 1/3 of vagina).
Vaginal septum present in 75%.
Usually asymptomatic unless they have vaginal obstruction.
Bicornus (4)
either 1 cervix (Unicollis) or 2 (bicollis).
Separation of uterus by deep myometrial cleft, looking heart shaped.
Vaginal septum is seen around 25%, less than didelphys.
Increased risk of foetal loss, less of an issue compared to septae.
T-shaped (2)
DES related anomaly.
DES was a synthetic oestrogen given to prevent miscarriage in the 1940s. Daughters of such patients ended up with vaginal clear cell carcinoma and uterine anomalies, classsically T shaped uterus
Failure to cleave (2)
Failure to create the cavity within the central uterus.
Classic example is Septate uterus, where a septum remains between the 2 uterine cavities.
Septate uterus (5)
2 endometrial canals separated by fibrous or muscular septum.
Fibrous vs muscular can be determined by MRI, changes surgical management.
Increased risk of infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion.
Septum has poor blood supply, and if there’s implantation on it, it will fail early.
Resecting the septum improves outcomes.
Arcuate uterus (3)
Mild, smooth concavity of the uterine fundus (instead of normal, straight or convex).
Normal variant rather than malformation.
NOT associated with infertility or obstetric complications.
Bicornuate vs Septate (6)
Bicornuate:
- heart shaped (fundal contour is less than 5mm above tubal ostia)
- No significant infertility issues
- Resection of the septum results in poor outcomes
Septate
- Fundal contour is normal, more than 5mm above tubal ostia
- Infertility issues - implantation fails on septim due to poor blood supply.
- Resection of the septum can help
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) (5)
Cannulation of cervix and injection of contrast under fluoro.
Done to evaluate cavity of the uterus and patency of fallopian tubes.
Performed on days 7-10 of menstrual cycle.
Contraindications: PID, active bleeding, pregnancy, contrast allergy.
Bicornate vs Septate is difficult to appreciate on HSG, needs MRI or 3D US to evaluate the outer fundal contour
Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa (4)
Nodular scarring of the fallopian tubes.
Usually involves proximal 2/3 of tube.
Unknown aetiology, likely post inflammatory/infection.
Strongly associated with infertility and ectopic pregnancy.
Uterine AVM (4)
Congenital or acquired, acquired more commonly.
Can cause fatal haemorrhage.
Caused by
- Previous D&C, therapeutic abortion, C-section or multiple pregnancies.
Doppler US shows serpiginous and/or tubular anechoic structures within the myometrium with high velocity flow.
Intrauterine adhesions (4)
aka Ashermans
Scarring in uterus, due to injury (prior D&C, surgery, pregnancy or infection (classically TB))
HSG: non-filing of uterus or multiple, irregular linear filing defects (lacunar pattern), with inability to appropriately distend the endometrium.
MRI: T2 dark bands
Causes infertility
Endometritis (5)
In the spectrum of PID.
Often 2-5 days post delivery, especially in prolonged laour or premature rupture.
Fluid and thickened endometrial cavity.
Can have gas in the cavity (not specific in post partum women).
Can progress to pyometrium, seen as expansion with pus.
Fibroids (uterine leiomyoma) (5)
Most common uterine mass.
Benign smooth muscle tumours, most common in women African ancestry.
Most common in reproductive age women.
Due to relationship with oestrogen, they grow rapidly during pregnancy, and involute in menopause.
Location is either intramural (most common), submucosal (least common) or subserosal.
Fibroids - typical appearance (5)
Can look like anything, but usually hypoechoic on US, with preipheral blood flow and shadowing in a Venetian Blind pattern.
CT: peripheral calcifications (popcorn).
MRI: T1 dark to intermediate, T2 dark, variable enhancement.
Higher T2 Fibroids respond better to IR treatment.
Lipoleiomyoma is a fat containing subtype.
Fibroid degeneration (4)
4 types, all have lack of enhancement (fibroids normally enhance avidly):
Hyaline
- Most common, fibroid outgrows it’s blood supply, end up with accumulation of proteinaceous tissue.
- T2 dark, no Gd enhancement.
Red (Carneous)
- Occurs during pregnancy. Cause of venous thrombosis.
- Peripheral rim of T1 brightness. T2 varies
Myxoid
- Uncommon, T1 dark, T2 bright and minimal gradual enhancementt
Cystic
- Uncommon
Uterine leiomyosarcoma (3)
Risk of malignant transformation is low (0.1%).
Look like fibroid, but rapidly enlarging.
Areas of necrosis often seen.
Adenomyosis (4)
Endometrial tissue migrated into myometrium.
Seen in multiparous women of reproductive age, especially with Hx of uterine procedures (C-section, D&C).
Several types, but usually generalised and favouring large portions of the uterus, especially posterior wall, but sparing cervix.
Classically causes marked enlargement of uterus, with preserved overall contour.
Adenomyosis - imaging (4)
US is less specific: heterogenous uterus (hyperechoic adenomyosis with hypoechoic muscular hypertrophy), or just posterior wall enlargement.
MRI is better test: thickening of junctional zone of uterus >12mm (normal <5mm).
Thickening can be focal or diffuse.
Small high T2 signal regions corresponding to regions of cystic change.
Thickened endometrium (6)
Stripe is measured without including any fluid in the canal.
Focal or generalised thickening in post menopausal women >5mm needs biopsy.
Premenopausal: up to 20mm can be normal.
Oestrogen secreting tumours - Granulosa Cell tumours of the ovary thicken the endometrium.
HNPCC have 30-50x increased risk of endometrial cancer.
Tamoxifen changes (5)
Tamoxifen is a SERM (acts like oestrogen in the pelvus, blocks it in the breast).
Used for breast cancer, but increases risk of endometrial Ca.
Causes subendometrial cysts and endometrial polyps (30%).
Normal postmenopausal endometrial tissue should be <4mm, but on tamoxifen <8mm is normal.
>8mm needs biopsy.
Endometrial fluid (2)
Common in premenopausal women.
In postmenopausal women, it means either cervical stenosis or obstructing mass (usually cervical stenosis)
Cervical cancer (3)
Usually squamous cell, related to HPV (90%).
Stage IIa or below treated surgically.
Stage IIb (parametrial invasion) or involvement of the lower 1/3 of vagina needs chemo/radiation.
Parametrial invasion (3)
The parametrium is a fibrous band that separates the supravaginal cervix from the bladder.
It extends between the layers of the broad ligament.
The uterine artery runs inside the parametrium, hence the need for chemo once invaded.
Solid vaginal masses (2)
Can be secondary (cervical or uterine carcinoma protruding into vagina) or Primary (clear cell adenocarcinoma or Rhabdomyosarcoma)
Leiomyoma
Rare in the vagina, but can occur. Mostly in the anterior wall.
Squamous cell carcinoma (2)
Most common cancer of vagina (85%).
Associated with HPV, just like cervix.
Clear cell adenocarcinoma (2)
Seen in women who’s mothers took DES.
T-shaped uterus.