4 Grape-growing and Related Labelling Terms

Question 1

A vine needs five things:

Answer 1

Warmth

Sunlight

Carbon dioxide

Water

Nutrients

Question 2

Sunlight allows the vine to combine ___, which is taken in by the ___, and water, which is taken up by the ___, in order to produce ___.

？ ＋ ？ ＋？= ？

This process is known as ___.

Answer 2

carbon dioxide gas

leaves

roots

sugars

Water ＋ Carbon Dioxide ＋Sunlight = Sugar

photosynthesis

Question 4

Grape skins contain high levels of ___.

The skin also contains ___ and ___, both of which are pleasant in much higher levels in ___ grapes.

Answer 4

flavours

tannins

colour

black

Question 5

Grape seeds and stems contain high levels of ___ that can make a wine taste very ___ if they are handled roughly during winemaking.

Answer 5

tannin

bitter

Question 6

The pulp is mainly made up of ___ and ___. It also contains ___ and ___,

Answer 6

water

sugar

acids

flavours

Question 7

What is the growing season for the northern hemisphere? And for the southern hemisphere?

Answer 7

Growing season for:

・Northern hemisphere: April - October

・Southern hemisphere: October - April

Question 8

Grape formation and ripening

Stage

Answer 8

Flowering

Fruit set

Veraison

Ripe grapes

Question 9

When is flowering season?

Answer 9

In spring

Question 10

Vines rely on the ___ to ___ their flowers and become a grape.

Answer 10

wind

pollinate

Question 11

Ripening starts with veraison, which is the point at which the grapes start to ___.

Answer 11

loose their dark green colour.

Question 12

Colour change during veraison

Answer 12

White grapes become golden

Black grapes become red and then purple

Question 13

At the start of the ripening process, grapes have high levels of ___, hardly any ___ and have a ___ flavour.

During the ripening, the ___ drops and the amount of ___ in the grape rises. The ___ flavours decrease and the ___ flavours develop.

Answer 13

acid

sugar

unattractive herbaceous

acidity

sugar

herbaceous

signeature

Question 15

What happens to grapes during the ripening process?

Answer 15

・The grapes swell with water and become soft.

・Colour of the skin changes.

・Acidity drops and sugar level increases.

・Aroma and flavours changes.

・Tannins develop in the skin (Black grapes)

Question 16

Climates are made up of a combination of ___?

Answer 16

heat

sunlight

water availability

Question 17

What are 3 general terms used to describe climate?

Include the average temperature during the growing season for each term.

Answer 17

Cool

avg temp 16.5°C (62°F) or below

Moderate

avg temp 16.5° - 18.5°C (62° - 65°F)

Warm

avg temp 18.5° - 21°C (65° - 70°F)

Question 18

What are things that can influence climate?

Answer 18

Latitude

・Altitude

・Bodies of water (oceans, seas, lakes)

・Rivers

・Air

・Clouds/fog/mist

・Mountains

・Slope and aspect

・Soil

Question 19

Latitude

Most vineyards are located between _ and _ north or south of the equator.

Answer 19

30° and 50°

Question 20

Temperatures drops with ___.

Answer 20

altitude

Question 21

Rivers take longer to ___ than land. In Autumn, rives are ___ than the surrounding land. They provide ___ in regions and help to___.

They can also ___, which can help grapes to ___

in latitudes further from the equator and protect against ___.

Answer 21

warm up and cool down

cooler

warmth

extend the growing season

reflect sunlight

ripen

frost

Question 22

Cool air from seas and mountains has a ___ effect on the climate.

Cold air from mountains can ___ at night, ___ vineyards during the day.

Answer 22

modering

move down to lower altitude

cooling down

Question 23

Cloud form above ground level can ___ to a vineyard.

The grape takes longer to ___ because the lack of ___ slows the ___.

Fog forms at ___ and ___ a vineyard.

Mist is a ___ form of fog.

Mists that form near ___ during mornings in ___ are essential for the development of ___.

Answer 23

block sunlight

ripen

sunlight

photosynthesis

ground level

cools down

less dense

river

botrytis/noble rot

Question 24

Mountains can act as a ___ vineyards from ___.

It results in ___, ___and ___ growing season.

Answer 24

barrier, sheltering

clouds, rains, cold winds

sunny summers, dry autumns

extended

Question 25

If a vineyards is planted on a slope facing the equator, will receive more ___ .

These sloped sites will produce ___ grapes than vineyards planted on flat or on slopes facing away from the equator.

Answer 25

heat and light

riper

Question 26

The soil provides the vine with ___.

The soil can also affect the ___ in the vineyards.

If there are many ___ on the surface of the soil, they can ___ make the vineyards ___, and help with grape ___.

Answer 26

water and nutrients

temperature

stones

absorb heat

warmer

ripening

Question 27

What does it mean when a region has a “cool vintage”?

What kind of grapes will be created?

Answer 27

A cool vintage means the average temperature of the growing season was lower, or cooler, and less bright sunlight than what is normal for that region.

= The grapes are struggled to ripen

In result, the grapes will be:

・High in acid

・Low in sugar level

・struggled to develop their signature aromas,

Question 28

What does it mean when a region has a “hot vintage”?

Answer 28

A hot vintage means the average temperature of the growing season was higher, or hotter, more bright sunlight than what is normal for that region.

= 1The vintages can overripen grapes

In result, leading to uncharacteristic dried-fruit flavors.

(If there is too much sun, the grapes can also sunburn.)

= 2The grapes could be struggled to ripen (because they will need more water in hotter condition however there will be no enough rainfall.)

In result, when short of water, vines shut down to protect themselves and grapes do not develop or ripen. (The vines could also die.)

Question 29

Why would high levels of rain be a problem for vines?

Answer 29

・Fungal diseases can develop and spread

・If right before harvest, the extra rain can causing the grapes swell and diluting their flavors

Question 30

What time of year is a vine’s risk of frost at its greatest?

Answer 30

Springtime

Because they can damage and kill the vine’s new growth.

Question 31

The growing season begins for a vine in ___.

Answer 31

spring

Question 33

The growing season ends for a vine in ___.

Answer 33

autumn

Question 34

During which season are vines dormant?

Answer 34

Winter

Question 35

Name the 4 major parts of a grape.

Answer 35

・Pulp

・Skin

・Seeds

・Stems

Question 36

Which 3 parts of the grape produce tannins?

Answer 36

・Skins

・Seeds

・Stems

Question 37

Where does the sugar in grape juice come from?:

Answer 37

pulp

Question 38

List a vine’s annual cycle.

Answer 38

1 Flowering: spring

2 Fruit set: early summer

3 Véraison: summer

4 Ripening time: summer/late summer

5 Harvest: late summer/early autumn

6 Dormancy: winter

Question 39

If grapes remain on the vine after the time they’re usually harvested, what happens to them?

Answer 39

The grapes will develop “extra-ripeness”, meaning that the levels of both aromas and sugars will magnify and concentrate.

Question 40

What happens to grapes if they are left to raisinate on the vine?

Answer 40

・Water in the grapes evaporates thereby concentrating acids and sugars;

・Aromas in the grape change from ripe/fresh to dried/dimpled.

Raisinated grapes are most often used to make sweet wines, not dry wines.

Question 41

List 3 ways to concentrate grape sugars to make sweet wine.

Answer 41

・Extra-ripeness

・Botrytis

・Frozen grapes

Question 42

Botrytis is a ＿＿＿ that grows on the ＿＿＿ of grapes that can cause ＿＿＿.

Answer 42

fungus

outside

noble rot

Question 43

Botrytis/noble rot:

It makes ___ in the grape skins which causes the ___ inside the grape to ___, thereby concentrating ___.

Answer 43

tiny holes

water

evaporate

sugars, flavors, and acids

Question 44

The fungus must grow on ___.

In order for noble rot to form, the Botrytis fungus requires ___ to allow the ___ followed by ___ (to ___ the ___ of Botrytis and prevent it from completely rotting the grapes).

Answer 44

ripe grapes

misty mornings

warm, dry afternoons

growth and spread of the fungus

limit

growth

Question 45

Frozen grapes

The grapes are quickly taken to the winery and pressed where the frozen water and skins are easily separated from the remaining unfrozen liquid, which contains high ___.

The resulting wine, known as ___ are ___ wines.

Answer 45

acids, flavor, and sugar

Icewine/Eiswein

sweet

Question 46

Most vines are trained on ___.

Answer 46

trellises

Question 47

During which season are vines usually pruned?

Why do farmers prune their vines?

Answer 47

In the winter when they’re dormant.

Farmers prune their vines to retain their required shape.

Question 49

Name ways farmers can irrigate their vines.

Answer 49

・Flood irrigation

・Sprinklers

Question 50

Netting protects vines from these 2 things:

Answer 50

・Birds and other pests that eat the berries

・Hail that can damage the berries and vine

Question 51

Pesticides kill ___.

Fungicides kill ___.

Herbicides kill ___.

Answer 51

Pesticides kill insects

Fungicides kill fungi

Herbicides kill weeds

Question 52

What exactly is yield?

Answer 52

Yield is the number of grapes produced per unit of area.

Question 53

What happens to grape flavors if a vineyard’s yields are too high?

And what if the yields are too low?

Answer 53

Yield that’s too high:

Grapes could potentially have low sugar and/or diluted lavor (due to overproduction)

Yield that’s too low:

the crops will be too small to make enough wine for the market

Question 54

Name 2 ways how grapes are harvested.

Answer 54

・By hand

・Machine

Question 55

What attributes will grapes have if they’re harvested early?

Answer 55

・Higher acidity

・Lower sugar

・Herbaceous flavors

Question 56

What attributes will grapes have if they’re harvested later than normal?

Answer 56

・Lower acidity

・Higher sugar

・Riper flavors

Question 57

Wines labeled Late Harvest are always sweet.

True or Faulse

Answer 57

False

Late Harvest wines can be dry, off-dry, medium-sweet or sweet.

They are fuller in body and more concentrated in sugars and flavors than wines made from grapes harvested at the regular time.

Question 58

If you have two bottles with the same vintage but they’re from different hemispheres, which wine will be older: the one from the northern hemisphere or the one from the southern hemisphere?

Answer 58

The one from the southern hemisphere.

The southern hemisphere harvests their grapes about 6 months before the northern hemisphere does, so the wine techincally is older than the one from the northern hemisphere.