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HSCI 2211 - Final Exam > 4 - Diabetes > Flashcards

4 - Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of diabetes

A

A group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

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2
Q

What is chronic hyperglycemia associated with?

A

Long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of: the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.

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3
Q

3 types of tests to screen for diabetes?

A

Random plasma glucose test, fasting glucose level test, and oral glucose tolerance test.

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4
Q

Diagnostic criteria of diabetes

A

Symptoms + a random plasma glucose greater than 11.1 mmol/L; or, a fasting blood glucose greater than 7.0 mmol/L, or a 2 hour post-meal glucose test greater than 11.1 mmol/L.

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5
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

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6
Q

Polyuria

A

frequent urination

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7
Q

High blood sugar symptoms

A

Increased thirst, increase urination, ketones in urine, aching/weak, heavy breathing, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.

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8
Q

Low blood sugar symptoms

A

Cold sweats, headache, trembling, pounding heart, sleepiness, personality changes, and excessive hunger.

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9
Q

What is insulin secretion promoted by?

A

Increased blood glucose levels

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10
Q

What organ is the main target for glucagon?

A

The liver

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11
Q

What is glucagon secretion mainly promoted by?

A

Decreased blood glucose levels.

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12
Q

Glucagon causes blood sugar to rise, in contrast with…

A

insulin, that causes blood sugar to drop.

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13
Q

What are various triggers for glucagon release?

A

Exercise, starvation, decreased insulin, certain hormones, and sympathetic stimulation.

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14
Q

4 types of diabetes classification based on pathogenesis

A

Type 1, type 2, secondary, and gestational.

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15
Q

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

A

An absolute deficiency of insulin secretion.

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16
Q

Description of type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin dependent diabetes, autoimmune destruction of beta cells, autoantibodies, genetic predisposition, and commonly occurs in childhood.

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17
Q

Causes of ketoacidosis

A

Not enough insulin, not enough food, not enough blood sugar.

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18
Q

Symptoms of ketoacidosis

A

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath, fruity-scented breath, confusion, hyperglycemia, high ketones in urine.

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19
Q

Type 2 diabetes begins with…

A

insulin resistance

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20
Q

Insulin resistance leads to…

A

decreased glucose uptake and an inability to suppress gluconeogenesis.

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21
Q

Onset of signs and symptoms occurs…

A

Usually after 30 years of age.

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22
Q

Which type of diabetes is more strongly associated with genetic factors?

A

Type 2

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23
Q

Environmental risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

Westernized lifestyle, high energy diet, and reduced physical activity.

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24
Q

Modifiable risk factors of diabetes

A

Weight, activity level, cholesterol level, and high blood pressure.

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25
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors of diabetes

A

45+ years, close relatives with diabetes, other medical conditions, high-risk ethnic backgrounds, and gestational diabetes.

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26
Q

What tissues and organs are involved in insulin resistance?

A

Muscle, adipose tissue and the liver.

27
Q

Secondary diabetes mellitus is the result of…

A

some other condition or medication.

28
Q

Examples of hyperglycemia associated with identifiable causes of islet destruction…

A

Pancreatitis, removal of the pancreas, pancreatic cancer, and hemochromatosis.

29
Q

Which populations is gestational diabetes more common in?

A

Women who are obese and women with a family history of diabetes.

30
Q

What percentage of women with gestational diabetes are found to have type 2 diabetes immediately after pregnancy?

A

5% to 10%

31
Q

Women who have had gestational diabetes have a __ to __ percent chance of developing diabetes in the next __ to __ years.

A

40%-60% in the next 5 to 10 years

32
Q

Long-term complications of poorly controlled diabetes

A

Nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, vascular disease, immunodeficiency, and atherosclerosis.

33
Q

Diabetic nephropathy pathology

A

lesions and inflammation of the kidney. eventually can cause renal failure. also characterized by schwann cell injury, myelin degeneration and axonal damage.

34
Q

Diabetic retinopathy pathology

A

Microaneurysms, neovascularization, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataract formation.

35
Q

Purpura

A

red/purple skin spots

36
Q

hyaline arteriolosclerosis

A

thickening of the arterial wall

37
Q

Examples of immunodeficiency caused by diabetes

A

Decreased immune defenses. UTIs. Skin lesions. Candidiasis.

38
Q

Number of people globally with diabetes has decreased, increased or stayed the same over the last 20 years?

A

Increased

39
Q

In 2014, global prevalence of diabetes among adults is __%

A

8.5%

40
Q

Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in ___ and ___ income countries.

A

Middle and low income

41
Q

In 2016, how many deaths were directly caused by diabetes?

A

1.6 million

42
Q

Half the people with diabetes in the world live in what 3 countries?

A

China, India and USA

43
Q

Why are prevalence rates slightly higher in elderly women?

A

Women have greater longevity.

44
Q

What percent of all-cause global mortality was due to diabetes in 2014.

A

6.8% (or about 7% is fine too)

45
Q

How many of the deaths attributable to diabetes occurred in developing countries?

A

2/3

46
Q

Canada is ___ in prevalence of diabetes around the world.

A

3rd

47
Q

Where do we get data on diabetes from in Canada?

A

Physician claim files, hospital files, and health insurance registry.

48
Q

How many people are living with diabetes in BC?

A

220,000 people

49
Q

What is the prevalence of diabetes in BC?

A

5.2%

50
Q

What are the incident cases of diabetes per year in BC?

A

20,000

51
Q

Financially, diabetes is a major cause of…

A

personal crisis for people living with diabetes and financial crisis for our healthcare system.

52
Q

Direct costs of diabetes to individuals and their families

A

Medical care, drugs, insulin, and supplies.

53
Q

Direct costs of diabetes to the healthcare sector…

A

hospitalization costs, CVD-related hospital costs, and GP costs.

54
Q

What does “mortality costs” refer to?

A

Premature death.

55
Q

What does “long-term disability costs” refer to?

A

Absence from work, disability, premature retirement, and loss of earnings.

56
Q

In Canada, we spent ___ on diabetes in 2010.

A

12.2 billion dollars

57
Q

The direct cost of diabetes now accounts for __% of public healthcare spending in Canada.

A

3.5%

58
Q

/ of the total costs of diabetes in 2010 was the cost associated with premature death (in Canada)

A

2/3rds

59
Q

__% of the total cost of diabetes in Canada in 2010 was related to direct costs

A

17%

60
Q

How many Canadians have diabetes today?

A

2 million

61
Q

What percent of Canadians with diabetes will develop complications?

A

40%

62
Q

Mortality rates among people with diabetes are ___ as high as those of similar age who do not have diabetes.

A

twice as high

63
Q

What is the worldwide economic impact of diabetes

A

612 billion dollars

HSCI 2211 - Final Exam (11 decks)

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