3 - Obesity

Question 1

Definition of obesity

Answer 1

An increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirement, as the result of an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.

Question 2

As of 2012, how many people in the world have diabetes?

Answer 2

346 million

Question 3

As of 2012, how many people in the world presented with obesity?

Answer 3

300 million

Question 4

As of 2012, how many people were overweight worldwide?

Answer 4

More than 1 billion.

Question 5

Obesity is a factor in which diseases and conditions?

Answer 5

Diabetes, cancer of the breast and colon, and cardiovascular problems.

Question 6

Excess adipose tissue

Answer 6

Accumulation of body fat.

Question 7

What is the main cause of obesity?

Answer 7

An energy imbalance over a long period of time.

Question 8

Body mass index

Answer 8

A mathematical ratio taking into account an individual’s weight, in kilograms, and height, in meters sequared (kg/m^2).

Question 9

Who can the body mass index be used on?

Answer 9

Anyone 20 years and older (with some exceptions)

Question 10

What are the 3 obesity classes?

Answer 10

Class 1: obese. Class 2: severe obese. Class 3: morbidly obese.

Question 11

What is one reason that the BMI is imperfect?

Answer 11

It gives no information about fat distribution.

Question 12

What is a better method than using the BMI for diagnosing metabolic syndrome?

Answer 12

Waist circumfrance

Question 13

BMI of Class 1 - Obese

Answer 13

BMI between 30-35

Question 14

BMI of Class 2 - Severe Obese

Answer 14

BMI between 35-40

Question 15

BMI of Class 3 - Morbidly obese

Answer 15

BMI greater than 40

Question 16

Individual risk factors for obesity

Answer 16

Food choices, low physical activity, little or excess sleep, genetics, certain diseases, psychological conditions, and specific drugs.

Question 17

Socioeconomic risk factors for obesity

Answer 17

Low education and poverty

Question 18

Environmental risk factors for obesity

Answer 18

Lack of access to physical activity resources, food insecurity, viruses, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and obese social ties.

Question 19

Do twins raised separately have similar or dissimilar BMIs?

Answer 19

Similar BMIs

Question 20

What controls hunger and a person’s satiety level?

Answer 20

Genes, environment, and psychological stimuli.

Question 21

What percent is the heritability of obesity? (range)

Answer 21

40% to 70%

Question 22

As a person’s weight grows, their risk of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and CVD…

Answer 22

increases

Question 23

Android body shape

Answer 23

“Apple”-shaped body. Excess fat on abdomen. Common in males.

Question 24

Gynoid body shape

Answer 24

“Pear”-shaped. Excess fat on the thighs and buttocks. Common in women.

Question 25

Which body shape is associated with metabolic syndrome.

Answer 25

Android body shape.

Question 26

Which body shape (associated with obesity) is NOT associated with metabolic syndrome?

Answer 26

Gynoid body shape.

Question 27

Android body shape is associated with what metabolic complications?

Answer 27

Hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

Question 28

What body shape is more associated with atherosclerosis risk?

Answer 28

Android.

Question 29

In men, what percent of cancers are associated with obesity?

Answer 29

4%

Question 30

In women, what percent of cancers are associated with obesity?

Answer 30

7%

Question 31

In men, a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 is correlated with what cancers?

Answer 31

Esophagus, thyroid, colon and kidney.

Question 32

In women, a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 is correlated strongly with an increased incidence of what types of cancer?

Answer 32

Esophagus, endometrial, gallbladder, and kidney cancers.

Question 33

In trauma care, what is obesity associated with?

Answer 33

45% increased odds of mortality, longer stay in the intensive care unit, higher rates of complications and infections.

Question 34

How does obesity impact vaccinations?

Answer 34

It lowers vaccine efficacy

Question 35

How does obesity impact mental health?

Answer 35

It is associated with anatomical as well as functional changes in the human brain.

Question 36

What is the relationship between obesity and dementia?

Answer 36

Being overweight in midlife increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (35%) and vascular dementia (33%).

Question 37

What percent of deaths are attributable to excess weight?

Answer 37

15%

Question 38

Overweight/obesity shortens life expectancy by how much? (range)

Answer 38

4 to 7 years.

Question 39

What 5 factors lead to the pathogenesis of obesity?

Answer 39

Environmental factors, behavioral factors, genetic factors, metabolic factors, and endocrine factors.

Question 40

What are two environmental influences that result in obesity?

Answer 40

High food intake and low physical activity.

Question 41

Examples of hormones that participate in CNS control of appetite, food intake, food reward, and food addiction...

Answer 41

Ghrelin, thyroid, leptin, insulin and peptide YY.

Question 42

Adipocytes secrete hormones and cytokines that regulate...

Answer 42

food intake, storage, metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure.

Question 43

Increase in visceral fat can lead to dysfunction of...

Answer 43

adipocytes

Question 44

3 treatment modalities for obesity

Answer 44

Lifestyle changes, pharmacological interventions, and surgical options.

Question 45

Direct costs of obesity associated with...

Answer 45

diagnosis and treatment of obesity and weight related conditions, as well as relevant healthcare services and procedures.

Question 46

Indirect costs of obesity associated with...

Answer 46

lost wages secondary to illness or disability, and loss of future earnings.

Question 47

Each obese individual creates an estimated excess between ___ and ___ in annual medical costs.

Answer 47

$1429 - $2741

Question 48

Obese individuals incur costs that are __% higher than healthy-weight peers.

Answer 48

42%

Question 49

In the US, obesity was responsible for almost __% of all medical spending in 2006.

Answer 49

10%

Question 50

The best chance of reducing costs associated with obesity is with...

Answer 50

prevention programs and policy change.

Question 51

The top 3 cost-saving interventions are:

Answer 51

environmental, reducing advertising, modifying nutrition labelling.

Question 52

In 2016, how many adults 18+ worldwide were overweight?

Answer 52

1.9 billion

Question 53

In 2016, how many adults 18+ worldwide were obese?

Answer 53

650 million

Question 54

What percent of adults 18+ were overweight in 2016?

Answer 54

39%

Question 55

What percent of adults 18+ were obese in 2016?

Answer 55

13%

Question 56

How many children under 5, worldwide, were overweight or obese in 2016?

Answer 56

41 million

Question 57

How many children and adolescents, worldwide, were overweight or obese in 2016?

Answer 57

340 million children