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HSCI 2211 - Final Exam > 3 - Obesity > Flashcards

3 - Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of obesity

A

An increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirement, as the result of an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.

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2
Q

As of 2012, how many people in the world have diabetes?

A

346 million

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3
Q

As of 2012, how many people in the world presented with obesity?

A

300 million

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4
Q

As of 2012, how many people were overweight worldwide?

A

More than 1 billion.

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5
Q

Obesity is a factor in which diseases and conditions?

A

Diabetes, cancer of the breast and colon, and cardiovascular problems.

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6
Q

Excess adipose tissue

A

Accumulation of body fat.

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7
Q

What is the main cause of obesity?

A

An energy imbalance over a long period of time.

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8
Q

Body mass index

A

A mathematical ratio taking into account an individual’s weight, in kilograms, and height, in meters sequared (kg/m^2).

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9
Q

Who can the body mass index be used on?

A

Anyone 20 years and older (with some exceptions)

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10
Q

What are the 3 obesity classes?

A

Class 1: obese. Class 2: severe obese. Class 3: morbidly obese.

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11
Q

What is one reason that the BMI is imperfect?

A

It gives no information about fat distribution.

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12
Q

What is a better method than using the BMI for diagnosing metabolic syndrome?

A

Waist circumfrance

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13
Q

BMI of Class 1 - Obese

A

BMI between 30-35

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14
Q

BMI of Class 2 - Severe Obese

A

BMI between 35-40

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15
Q

BMI of Class 3 - Morbidly obese

A

BMI greater than 40

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16
Q

Individual risk factors for obesity

A

Food choices, low physical activity, little or excess sleep, genetics, certain diseases, psychological conditions, and specific drugs.

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17
Q

Socioeconomic risk factors for obesity

A

Low education and poverty

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18
Q

Environmental risk factors for obesity

A

Lack of access to physical activity resources, food insecurity, viruses, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and obese social ties.

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19
Q

Do twins raised separately have similar or dissimilar BMIs?

A

Similar BMIs

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20
Q

What controls hunger and a person’s satiety level?

A

Genes, environment, and psychological stimuli.

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21
Q

What percent is the heritability of obesity? (range)

A

40% to 70%

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22
Q

As a person’s weight grows, their risk of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and CVD…

A

increases

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23
Q

Android body shape

A

“Apple”-shaped body. Excess fat on abdomen. Common in males.

24
Q

Gynoid body shape

A

“Pear”-shaped. Excess fat on the thighs and buttocks. Common in women.

25
Q

Which body shape is associated with metabolic syndrome.

A

Android body shape.

26
Q

Which body shape (associated with obesity) is NOT associated with metabolic syndrome?

A

Gynoid body shape.

27
Q

Android body shape is associated with what metabolic complications?

A

Hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

28
Q

What body shape is more associated with atherosclerosis risk?

A

Android.

29
Q

In men, what percent of cancers are associated with obesity?

A

4%

30
Q

In women, what percent of cancers are associated with obesity?

A

7%

31
Q

In men, a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 is correlated with what cancers?

A

Esophagus, thyroid, colon and kidney.

32
Q

In women, a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 is correlated strongly with an increased incidence of what types of cancer?

A

Esophagus, endometrial, gallbladder, and kidney cancers.

33
Q

In trauma care, what is obesity associated with?

A

45% increased odds of mortality, longer stay in the intensive care unit, higher rates of complications and infections.

34
Q

How does obesity impact vaccinations?

A

It lowers vaccine efficacy

35
Q

How does obesity impact mental health?

A

It is associated with anatomical as well as functional changes in the human brain.

36
Q

What is the relationship between obesity and dementia?

A

Being overweight in midlife increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (35%) and vascular dementia (33%).

37
Q

What percent of deaths are attributable to excess weight?

A

15%

38
Q

Overweight/obesity shortens life expectancy by how much? (range)

A

4 to 7 years.

39
Q

What 5 factors lead to the pathogenesis of obesity?

A

Environmental factors, behavioral factors, genetic factors, metabolic factors, and endocrine factors.

40
Q

What are two environmental influences that result in obesity?

A

High food intake and low physical activity.

41
Q

Examples of hormones that participate in CNS control of appetite, food intake, food reward, and food addiction…

A

Ghrelin, thyroid, leptin, insulin and peptide YY.

42
Q

Adipocytes secrete hormones and cytokines that regulate…

A

food intake, storage, metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure.

43
Q

Increase in visceral fat can lead to dysfunction of…

A

adipocytes

44
Q

3 treatment modalities for obesity

A

Lifestyle changes, pharmacological interventions, and surgical options.

45
Q

Direct costs of obesity associated with…

A

diagnosis and treatment of obesity and weight related conditions, as well as relevant healthcare services and procedures.

46
Q

Indirect costs of obesity associated with…

A

lost wages secondary to illness or disability, and loss of future earnings.

47
Q

Each obese individual creates an estimated excess between ___ and ___ in annual medical costs.

A

$1429 - $2741

48
Q

Obese individuals incur costs that are __% higher than healthy-weight peers.

A

42%

49
Q

In the US, obesity was responsible for almost __% of all medical spending in 2006.

A

10%

50
Q

The best chance of reducing costs associated with obesity is with…

A

prevention programs and policy change.

51
Q

The top 3 cost-saving interventions are:

A

environmental, reducing advertising, modifying nutrition labelling.

52
Q

In 2016, how many adults 18+ worldwide were overweight?

A

1.9 billion

53
Q

In 2016, how many adults 18+ worldwide were obese?

A

650 million

54
Q

What percent of adults 18+ were overweight in 2016?

A

39%

55
Q

What percent of adults 18+ were obese in 2016?

A

13%

56
Q

How many children under 5, worldwide, were overweight or obese in 2016?

A

41 million

57
Q

How many children and adolescents, worldwide, were overweight or obese in 2016?

A

340 million children

HSCI 2211 - Final Exam (11 decks)

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