4. CKD

Question 1

Definition:

Answer 1

Kidney damage or disease causing significantly decreased function. Present for over 3 months. Permanent damage.

Question 2

Aetiology:

Answer 2

Diabetes, constantly high BP, congenital defects, drugs and toxins.
Pyelonephritis: Acute inflammation as a result of bacterial infection.

Question 3

Diagnosis:

Answer 3

Urine test, blood test, ultrasound, biopsy

Question 4

Risk factors:

Answer 4

Fixed: Family history, increasing age, male, ethnicity, low birth weight
Behavioural: Smoking, physical inactivity, poor nutrition
Biomedical: Diabetes, high BP, CVD

Question 5

Signs and Symptoms:

Answer 5

Localised: Increased/decreased urination, blood or cloudy coloured urine
Systemic: Swelling eyes, hands and feet, increased BP, SOB, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, thirst

Question 6

Treatment:

Answer 6

1. Slow progression and treat underlying conditions
2. Treat complications
3. Replace lost kidney function: Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney transplant.

Question 7

Stages:

Answer 7

1= 90+ GFR (observation and control of BP)
2= 60-89 (+ control risk factors)
3A= 45-59 
3B= 30-44
4= 15-29 (planning for end stage renal failure)
5= <15 (continual dialysis, transplant)

Question 8

Co-occurring:

Answer 8

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels damage kidney filters

2. Obesity: High BP leads to high intraglomelular pressure