4: cellular adaptations and accumulations

Question 1

new but altered steady state

Answer 1

adaptation

Question 2

is adaptation reversible?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators

Answer 3

physiologic adaptation

Question 4

allow cell to modulate their environment and escape injury

Answer 4

pathologic adaptation

Question 5

weight lifter example

Answer 5

physiological hypertrophy of skeletal muscle cells

Question 6

pregnant uterus example

Answer 6

physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 7

cardiac enlargement that occurs w/ hypertension or aortic valve disease

Answer 7

pathologic hypertrophy

Question 8

enlargement of cardiac muscle cells following MI (death of surrounding myocytes)

Answer 8

pathologic hypertrophy

Question 9

concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle

Answer 9

hypertension

Question 10

boxcar nuclei

Answer 10

hypertrophy of cardiac muscle nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 11

increased production of cellular proteins

Answer 11

hypertrophy

Question 12

signals for hypertrophy (3)

Answer 12

mechanical (stretch)
vasoactive agents (alpha-adrenergic agonists)
growth factors (TGF- beta)

Question 13

transcription factors for hypertrophy

Answer 13

Myc
Fos
Jun

Question 14

Induction embryonic/fetal genes

Answer 14

cardiac alpha-actin

ANF

Question 15

what 3 major changes are seen in hypertrophy

Answer 15

• induction of embryonic/fetal genes
• increased synthesis of contractile proteins
• increased production of growth factors

Question 16

what effect does increased induction of embryonic/fetal genes have

Answer 16

• increased mechanical performance

- decreased work load

Question 17

fetal isoforms contract more ….

Answer 17

slowly (more energy efficient)

Question 18

hyperplasia

Answer 18

increase in the number of cells

Question 19

increase in functional capacity of a tissue when needed

Answer 19

hormonal hyperplasia

Question 20

female breast at puberty and during pregnancy

Answer 20

hormonal hyperplasia example

Question 21

proliferative endometrium

Answer 21

hormonal hyperplasia

- estrogen builds it up, progesterone sloughs it off

Question 22

increased tissue mass after damage or resection

Answer 22

compensatory hyperplasia

Question 23

resected liver begins to regenerate in as little as 12 hrs

Answer 23

compensatory hyperplasia

Question 24

excessive hormones or growth factors acting on target cells

Answer 24

pathologic hyperplasia

Question 25

estrogen/progesterone imbalance

Answer 25

endometrial hyperplasia (pathological)

Question 26

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 26

pathologic hyperplasia: over exuberant mitotic activity due to androgens

Question 27

graves disease

Answer 27

diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid

Question 28

mechanism of hyperplasia

Answer 28

result of growth-factor-driven proliferation of mature cells & in some cases by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

Question 29

6 common causes of atrophy

Answer 29

- disuse (decreased workload) - denervation - senile (decreased blood supply) - inadequate nutrition - loss of endocrine stimulation - increased pressure

Question 30

mechanism of atrophy

Answer 30

decreased prtn synthesis and increased prtn degradation in cells

Question 31

observe increased number of autophagic vacuoles and membrane-bound residual bodies like lipofuscin

Answer 31

atrophy

Question 32

characteristics of a brain with alzheimers

Answer 32

widened sulci narrowed gyri particularly in the frontal region

Question 33

reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type

Answer 33

metaplasia

Question 34

bronchi in smoker: replacement of ciliated columar cells with stratified squamous epithelial cells

Answer 34

metaplasia - more rugged, def. in Vit. A, loose mucocilliary escalator

Question 35

most common metaplasia

Answer 35

columnar to squamous

Question 36

barrett's esophagus

Answer 36

metaplasia of normal squamous mucosa in esophagus to columar mucosa in esophagus due to chronic heart burn usually

Question 37

formation of cartilage, bone or adipose tissue in tissue that does not usually contain these elements

Answer 37

connective tissue metaplasia

Question 38

bone formation in muscle after intramuscular hemorrhage

Answer 38

connective tissue metaplasia

Question 39

disordered growth, most commonly seen in squamous epithelial cells following chronic injury

Answer 39

dysplasia

Question 40

observations in dysplasia

Answer 40

- enlargemet, irregular borders, hyperchromasia of individual cell nuclei - disordered arrangement in epithelium

Question 41

HPV

Answer 41

dysplastic cervix