3: Cell Death

Question 1

leaking cellular contents

Answer 1

necrosis

Question 2

cell fragmentation and phagocytosis

Answer 2

apoptosis

Question 3

cytoplasmic changes with necrosis

Answer 3

esoinophilia
glassy appearance
vauolation

Question 4

nuclear changes with necrosis

Answer 4

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis

Question 5

pyknosis

Answer 5

shrinkage of nucleus

Question 6

karyolysis

Answer 6

fading of nuclear fragments

Question 7

karyorrhexis

Answer 7

fragmentation of nucleus

Question 8

usually seen in death due to ischeia, hypoxia, reperfusion injury in most organs except brain

Answer 8

coagulative necrosis

Question 9

basic outline of cell preserved but with no nuclei

Answer 9

coagulative necrosis

Question 10

death of brain tissue, typically

Answer 10

liquefactive necrosis

Question 11

seen in abscess where the center is made up of enzymatic digested PMNs (pus)

Answer 11

liquefactive necrosis

Question 12

amorhpous, granular under the microscope with loss of cells and tissue structure

Answer 12

liquefactive necrosis

Question 13

accumulation of mononuclear cells that mediate the CHRONIC inflammatory rxn and GRANULOMA formation

Answer 13

caseous necrosis

Question 14

lipid in wall of the organism can’t be fully broken down

Answer 14

caseous necrosis

Question 15

dead cell persist indefinitely as amorphous, coarsely granular, eosinophilic debris

Answer 15

caseous necrosis

Question 16

caseous necrosis is characteristic of what organisms

Answer 16

TB and fungi

Question 17

fat is changed due to action of lipases

Answer 17

enzymatic fat necrosis

Question 18

FA released from enzymatic fat necrosis react with calcium to form

Answer 18

soap like substance that appears white, chalky

Question 19

why can you see some enzymatic fat necrosis on x-ray

Answer 19

enough calcium deposition (this will also make them basophilic)

Question 20

where is enzymatic fat necrosis most commonly seen

Answer 20

pancreatitis

Question 21

injury in blood vessels with accumulation of plasma prtn (cause wall to stain eosinophilic)

Answer 21

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 22

vasculitis is associated with…

Answer 22

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 23

not specific pattern of cell death usually applied to limb died due to loss of circulation or bowel

Answer 23

gangrenous necrosis

Question 24

wet gangrene

Answer 24

combination of gangrene with superimposed bacterial infection

Question 25

associated with diabetes

Answer 25

gangrene

Question 26

reduction of available oxygen

Answer 26

ischemia

Question 27

TPA

Answer 27

tissue plasminogen activator | - given to help reperfusion during first 30 min of heart attack/stroke or transplantation

Question 28

blood flow/oxygenation of tissue is restored

Answer 28

reperfusion

Question 29

clinical observations during a heart attack

Answer 29

- lavine sign - no 'P' - ST elevation - elevations in creatine kinase CK-MB - elevations in troponin I or T (TnI or TnT)

Question 30

physiological roles of apoptosis

Answer 30

- embryogenesis - hormone dependent involution - cell deletion in proliferating cell population - normal immune defense against infected/transformed cells - removal of self-reactive lymph clones

Question 31

pathologic apoptosis conditions

Answer 31

- cytotoxic anticancer drugs - low doses of radiation, temp. drugs - transplant rejection - duct obstruction atrophy - some viruses

Question 32

basic outline of apoptosis

Answer 32

- signaling pathways initiate apoptosis - itnracellular signals further commit cell to apoptotic pathway - execution caspases catabolize cytoskeleton and activate endonucleases (DNA breakdown) - removal of dead cells

Question 33

apoptotic pathway from within the cell

Answer 33

mitochondrial intrinsic pathway

Question 34

apoptotic pathway that uses receptors

Answer 34

death receptor extrinsic pathway

Question 35

Bax and Bak

Answer 35

proapoptotic family members of Bcl-2 family

Question 36

action of Bax and Bak

Answer 36

dimerize and form holes in mitochondria

Question 37

what role does cytochrome c play in apoptosis

Answer 37

leaks out of holey mitochondria and stimulates initiator capsases

Question 38

Bcl-2 and Bcl-x

Answer 38

anti-proapoptotic prtns (block proapoptotic prtns)

Question 39

describe the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Answer 39

Bcl-2 family sensors recognize cell injury - Bax and bak attack mitochondria - cytochrome c activates initiator capsaes which activate executioner capsases which do the degrading

Question 40

describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Answer 40

receptor-ligand interactions with Fas and TNF receptor activate adapter proteins - adapter prtns activates initiator capsases which activate executioner capsases which do the degrading

Question 41

wher do the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways converge

Answer 41

initiator capsases

Question 42

how does p53 respond to DNA damage

Answer 42

p53 will activate pro-apoptotic forms of the Bcl-2 family (Bax and Bak)

Question 43

low v. high doses of radiation

Answer 43

``` low= apoptosis (gets the proliferationg cells) high= necrosis (gets all cells) ```

Question 44

do viruses induce apoptosis or necrosis

Answer 44

both if nutrient deficiency or complement activation... necrosis if changes in p53, granzyme, or Tcells.... apoptosis

Question 45

tylenol suicide

Answer 45

massive liver necrosis

Question 46

acetaminophen

Answer 46

highly reactive quinone metabolite that reacts w/ prtn, DNA and causes oxygen stress

Question 47

carbon tetrachloride CCL4

Answer 47

metabolite CCl3- reacts with membrane and ER

Question 48

heavy metals and cyanide

Answer 48

injure the mitochondria

Question 49

phalloidin, paclitaxel

Answer 49

injure cytoskeleton and prevent replication

Question 50

chemoterapeutic alkylating agents

Answer 50

direct damage to DNA

Question 51

most vulnerable liver zone for necrosis

Answer 51

3