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BVM1 - Animal Husbandry > 4. Cattle production > Flashcards

4. Cattle production Flashcards

1
Q

How does dairy production occur?

A

Needs a cow to calve

We milk her and process it

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2
Q

What are the components of milk?

A 
Minerals - <1%
Protein - 3+%
Fat - 4+%
Lactose - 5%
Water - +/- 88%
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3
Q

What are some common dairy cow breeds?

A

Holstein-friesian
Jersey
Brown Swiss
Ayrshire

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4
Q

How is productivity measured?

A 
Inputs vs outputs 
Maintainence 
Losses
Synergies 
Antagonism 
Interaction production and reproduction
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5
Q

What is the lifetime reproductive management of cows?

A 
Birth
Puberty
Inseminate - (cull if fail to conceive)
Pregnancy 
Parturition 
Inseminate 
Pregnancy 
Cull if fail to conceive 
Drying off period
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6
Q

What is the lactation curve?

A

Where reproduction meets production

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7
Q

What are the methods of reproduction used?

A

Artificial insemination

Natural

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8
Q

What are the measures of reproduction?

A

Calving interval, calving → conception interval
Conception rate - pregnancy rate, services to conception
None return rate (no. of days)
Oestrus interval, insemination interval
Cull rate

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9
Q

What are factors affecting reproductive status?

A 
Management 
Nutrition 
Disease status 
Heat detection 
Fertile bull 
Semen handling 
Poor record keeping 
Poor communication
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10
Q

When to intervene with calving?

A 
Don't be afraid to wait 
Identify signs of calving (prodrome)
Cow - wait 1hrs
Heifer - wait 1 1/2 hrs
Requires training and agreement on protocols 
Training on different presentations 
Calving aid/jack
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11
Q

What are some common endemic, infectious diseases?

A

BVDv, Leptospirosis, bTB, coccidiosis, fascilosis (liver fluke), gut worms

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12
Q

What is production disease?

A

Disease that occurs due to production demands
- metabolic in nature
Could express as increased incidence of infectious disease e.g. mastitis
Higher strains on cows homeostasis increases the occurance of production disease
- milk fever, LDA, RFM, mastitis, lameness

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13
Q

What are the main reasons for culling a cow?

A

Infertility
lameness
mastitis/somatic cell counts

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14
Q

What is a lameness score of 0?

A

No action needed
Routine (preventative) foot trimming when/if required
Record mobility at next scoring session

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15
Q

What is a lameness score of 1?

A

Could benefit from routine (preventative) foot trimming when/if required
- further observation needed

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16
Q

What is a lameness score of 2?

A

Lame and likely to benefit from treatment
Foot should be lifted to establish cause of lameness before treatment
Should be attended as soon as practically possible

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17
Q

What is a lameness score of 3?

A

Very lame, will benefit from treatment and urgent attention
cow should not be made to walk and should be kept on a straw yard or at grass
In most severe cases culling maybe the only option

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18
Q

What are things to consider after the calf is born?

A 
Navel dip 
Colostrum 
Milk feeding 
Hard feeds
Diseases/vaccinations 
Mortality rates +/-8%
Vitamine E/Se
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19
Q

What actions should be taken at birth?

A

Dip navel in disinfectant (7% iodine) and total coverage, repeat after 24hrs
Colostrum supply, 2 litres within 1hrs + 2 litres (1st 6 hrs) + 2 litres (1st 12hrs)
Work clean
Check quality (1st + 2nd milkings)
5g/L plasma = protection
10g/L plasma = no disease

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20
Q

When should calves be eating hard feeds?

A

1kg of calf nuts at weaning
Fresh hay offered from 1wk of age, freshly fed 2x a day
Monitor for diarrhoea and respiratory disease

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21
Q

When should heifers have their first service?

A

Aim for calving at 24 months of age as with a beef herd
Weight 375 kg, height 132cm
Good correlation between size and weight

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22
Q

Define lactation period

A

Time from calving until the cow is dried off (time in which the cow is producing milk)

  • target = 300-305 days
  • range = 265-340 days
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23
Q

Define open period (OP)

A

Time from calving to re-conception - depends on voluntary waiting period and the breeding period

  • target = mean of 85 days
  • range = 45 - 120 days
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24
Q

Define gestation period

A

Time from conception to calving

  • 280 - 285 days
  • dairy breeds - beef breeds
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25
Q

What is the culling period?

A

Percentage of cows culled per year

- usually 25-30% of the herd

26
Q

When is the peak daily yield for milk production?

A

week 5-7

27
Q

How does a body condition scoring unit relate to actual body weight?

A

Based on a holstein

  • one change in body condition is equivalent to about 90kg of body weight
  • body fat increases +12.5% for every increase in unit body condition score
28
Q

What recent changes have occurred in the UK dairy industry?

A
  • milk yield ↑
  • fertility and longevity ↓
  • number of breeds ↓
  • milk price ↓
  • required management expertise ↑
29
Q

Describe the advantages of using AI as opposed to natural service

A
  • high genetic merit bulls can produce more offspring
  • less inbreeding
  • cheaper for the farmer
  • easier to transport
  • usually less risk of sexually transmitted diseases
  • no safety risks in terms of keeping bulls
  • can select from a range of bulls
  • sexed semen available
30
Q

What are signs of oestrus?

A

Standing to be ridden

  • riding other cows
  • restless behaviour
  • raised tail
  • swollen vulva with discharge
  • smudged tail paint
31
Q

In what interval should cows be bred when they start heat?

A

12-24 hours from the start of standing heat

32
Q

What is lead feeding?

A

Increasing concentrate feeding during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy to adapt the rumen flora to the switch to a high concentrate ration at the onset of lactation

  • helps reduce frequency of ketosis and acidosis
  • can increase the risk of milk fever
33
Q

What is DCAB feeding?

A

Decreasing the ratio of cations to anions in the feed during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy helps minimise the risk of milk fever

  • encourages mobilisation of calcium from bone
  • rations with high anion salt are unpalatable
34
Q

Describe the effect of dietary protein on fertility

A

High dietary protein levels can lead to reduced fertility in dairy cows
- assessed indirectly through blood urea-nitrogen levels

35
Q

Define synchronisation

A

Bringing a large number of cows into oestrus at the same time using drugs

    1. intravaginal progesterone - delays ovulation until progesterone is removed
    1. prostaglandin injection to stimulate luteolysis
    1. GnRH injection to stimukate ovulation
36
Q

How does embryo transfer take place?

A

Superovulation → non-surgical removal of eggs → in vitro fertilisation → embryos frozen and transferred to a recipient later

37
Q

What are some common causes of lameness?

A

Heel erosion
Sole uler
White line lesion

38
Q

What factors influence negative energy balance?

A 
Glucose 
C3-molecules 
Krebs cycle 
Gluconeogenesis 
Vitamins 
Co-enzymes
39
Q

What are hazards associated with milk replacer feeds?

A
  1. Over feeding cheaper milk powders can lead to diarrhoea because of the lower digestibility of the plant carbohydrates and intake of soybean protein
  2. Excessive heat treatment during manufacture interferes with protein coagulation in the abomasum and digestibility of the reformed milk powder
40
Q

What is the ideal weight and height for heifers at first service?

A

Aim for calving at 24 months of age
Weight = 375kg
Height = 132cm

41
Q

What are common causes of death in calfs in the first 24hrs?

A

Enteric disease, septicaemia and pneumonia

42
Q

Why is colostrum intake so important?

A

Provides the calf with immunoglobulins (Igs) until it starts producing its own immune responses at 4 weeks of age

  • best absorption obtained between 4-7 hours after calving
  • reduced after 11 hours as the closure of the gut wall prevents the uptake of large proteins
43
Q

What is the legislation regarding castration in the UK?

A

Must use anaesthetic if > 2mo old

- rubber ring must be used under 1 week old

44
Q

What are the mechanisms by why the castration methods work?

A

Rubber ring, ischaemia → necrosis
Burdizzo, denervation + ischaemia + crushing spermatic cord → necrosis
Surgical → excision

45
Q

What is the legislation regarding disbudding in the UK?

A

Must use an anaesthetic, except for chemical cauterisation which can only be used if < 1 week old

46
Q

What are stages of the beef production cycle?

A 
Birth 
↓- up to 180 days 
Weaning
↓ 
Fattening 
↓ - 160-360 days 
Slaughter - 450-550kg LW
47
Q

What are stages of the beef production cycle from a dairy herd?

A 
Birth 
↓ - 35 days 
Weaning 
↓ - 50 days 
Fattening
↓- 250 days 
Slaughter - 450-550kg LW
48
Q

Name some traditional breeds

A 
Aberdeen Angus
Lincoln red 
Hereford 
Highland 
Beef shorthorn 
Belted Galloway
49
Q

Name some continental breeds

A 
Bazadaise 
Simmental 
Piedmentese
Belgian Blue 
Charolais 
Limousin
50
Q

Why are continental breeds used?

A

Often used as terminal sire

- double muscling (muscular hypertrophy)

51
Q

Define the rate of maturity

A

Equivalent time taken to deposit fat

52
Q

Define late maturing

A

Laying down fat later in life

  • generally continental breeds
  • take less time to finish - feed a higher ration to finish quicker
53
Q

Define early maturing

A

Laying down fat early in life

  • traditional breeds but South Devon
  • take more time to finish
54
Q

What is compensatory growth?

A

Retarded growth on low nutritional plane - poor quality hay/silage
Animal compensates when back on production level nutrition
- store cattle feed for maintenance
- when put on grass, compensate for low nutrition
Can delay maturity and finishing time

55
Q

Describe an intensive beef production system

A 
From 12 weeks of age kept indoors and on ad lib concentrates 
Main determinants of profitability are:
- growth rate 
- concentrate prices 
- calf cost
56
Q

Describe a semi-intensive beef production system (18 month beef)

A

Cattle are raised on grass and silage with limited mounts of concentrates
Calves born in autumn are best suited to this kind of system
- first winter fed on ab lib silage and 2kg/day concentrates
- Grazed during the summer
- finished on ab lib silage and 2-4kg/day concentrates

57
Q

Describe a grass silage beef production system

A

Silage raised with limited concentrates (2kg/day)

  • finished in a 14-16 month time period
  • good quality silage = good returns from this system
58
Q

Describe a store fattening beef production system

A

Young animals are raised on farms that have limited feed resources to finish

  • sold as stores ready for fattening
  • finished on grass during the summer or different feeding regimes in winter
59
Q

What is white veal production?

A

Banned in the UK
Veal crates - restrict movement
Milk replacer feed
Low fat/iron diet - anaemia = white, pale, tender meat

60
Q

What is rose veal production?

A 
Suckled by mum or milk replacer fed 
Slaughtered at 6 months, approx, 200kg 
Naturally weaned 
Produces a pinker meat 
Able to move around

BVM1 - Animal Husbandry (12 decks)

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