4: Canadian Shield, Card 85 Translate Flashcards

1
Q

What is muskeg?

Qu’est-ce que le muskeg ?

A

A swamp or bog formed from the buildup of moss, leaves, and other plants.

Muskeg is an important ecological feature in the Canadian Shield region.

Un marécage ou une tourbière formé par l’accumulation de mousses, de feuilles et d’autres plantes.

Le muskeg est une caractéristique écologique importante dans la région du Bouclier canadien.

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2
Q

What are waterways?

Qu’est-ce qu’une voie d’eau ?

A

Rivers and lakes that can be used by people in canoes as highways for travel.

Waterways played a crucial role in transportation for various communities.

Rivières et lacs qui peuvent être utilisés par des personnes en canoë comme voies de communication.

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3
Q

What geological features were present in the Canadian Shield millions of years ago?

Quelles étaient les caractéristiques géologiques du Bouclier canadien il y a des millions d’années ?

A

Many mountains.

These mountains were worn down over time by the movement of thick ice.

De nombreuses montagnes.

Ces montagnes ont été usées au fil du temps par le mouvement de la glace épaisse.

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4
Q

What has the movement of thick ice left behind in the Canadian Shield region?

Qu’est-ce que le mouvement de la glace épaisse a laissé dans la région du Bouclier canadien ?

A

Thin, rocky soil.

This soil composition affects the types of vegetation and mineral deposits found in the area.

Sol mince et rocailleux.

La composition du sol influe sur les types de végétation et les dépôts minéraux que l’on trouve dans la région.

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5
Q

What minerals are rich in the Canadian Shield?

Quels sont les minéraux présents dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A
  • Nickel
  • Gold
  • Silver
  • Copper

These mineral deposits have significant economic importance.

  • Nickel
  • Or
  • Argent
  • Cuivre

Ces gisements minéraux ont une importance économique significative.

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6
Q

Who were the first people to live in the Canadian Shield region?

Qui sont les premiers habitants de la région du Bouclier canadien ?

A
  • The Woodland Cree
  • The Anishinabe
  • The Innu

These Indigenous groups relied on local resources for their livelihood.

  • Les Cris des bois
  • Les Anishinabes
  • Les Innus

Ces groupes indigènes dépendaient des ressources locales pour leur subsistance.

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7
Q

What role did French and English fur traders play in the Canadian Shield?

Quel rôle les commerçants de fourrures français et anglais ont-ils joué dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

They came to trade with the First Nations and set up trading posts.

Many trading posts evolved into larger communities over time.

Ils sont venus faire du commerce avec les Premières nations et ont établi des postes de traite.

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8
Q

How did waterways facilitate travel in the Canadian Shield?

Comment les voies navigables ont-elles facilité les déplacements dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

They made travelling possible for First Nations people, Metis, explorers, and traders.

This accessibility was vital for trade and exploration.

Ils ont permis aux membres des Premières nations, aux Métis, aux explorateurs et aux commerçants de voyager.

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9
Q

What did French and English explorers do in the Canadian Shield region?

Que faisaient les explorateurs français et anglais dans la région du Bouclier canadien ?

A

They mapped the many rivers, lakes, and bays.

Their explorations contributed to the understanding of the geography of the region.

Ils ont cartographié les nombreux fleuves, lacs et baies.

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10
Q

What role did French and English fur traders play in the Canadian Shield?

Quel rôle les commerçants de fourrures français et anglais ont-ils joué dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

They came to trade with the First Nations and set up trading posts.

Many trading posts evolved into larger communities over time.

Ils sont venus faire du commerce avec les Premières nations et ont établi des postes de traite.

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11
Q

How did waterways facilitate travel in the Canadian Shield?

Comment les voies navigables ont-elles facilité les déplacements dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

They made travelling possible for First Nations people, Metis, explorers, and traders.

This accessibility was vital for trade and exploration.

Ils ont permis aux membres des Premières nations, aux Métis, aux explorateurs et aux commerçants de voyager.

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12
Q

Who continues to live in the region of the Canadian Shield?

Qui continue à vivre dans la région du Bouclier canadien ?

A

First Nations people, descendants of French, English, Métis, and others

Many First Nations people live in their communities, while others reside in towns and cities.

Les membres des Premières nations, les descendants de Français, d’Anglais, de Métis et autres

De nombreux membres des Premières nations vivent dans leurs communautés, tandis que d’autres habitent dans des villes.

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13
Q

What are some valuable natural resources found in the Canadian Shield?

Quelles sont les ressources naturelles précieuses que l’on trouve dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

Timber, water, minerals

These resources contribute significantly to the economy and quality of life in the region.

Bois, eau, minéraux

Ces ressources contribuent de manière significative à l’économie et à la qualité de vie de la région.

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14
Q

What industries do many people in the Canadian Shield work in?

Quels sont les secteurs d’activité dans lesquels travaillent de nombreux habitants du Bouclier canadien ?

A

Forestry, mining, hydroelectric industries

These industries are essential for employment and economic activity in the region.

Industries forestières, minières et hydroélectriques

Ces industries sont essentielles pour l’emploi et l’activité économique dans la région.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Many people work in the _______ industry in the Canadian Shield.

Remplissez le vide : De nombreuses personnes travaillent dans l’industrie _______ dans le Bouclier canadien.

A

forestry

industrie forestière

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The Canadian Shield hosts many valuable natural resources, such as timber, water, and _______.

Remplissez le vide : Le Bouclier canadien abrite de nombreuses ressources naturelles précieuses, telles que le bois, l’eau et _______.

A

minerals

les minéraux

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17
Q

True or False: The Canadian Shield is home only to First Nations people.

Vrai ou faux : Le Bouclier canadien n’abrite que des membres des Premières nations.

A

False

The region is also home to descendants of French, English, Métis, and other groups.

Faux

La région abrite également des descendants de Français, d’Anglais, de Métis et d’autres groupes.

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18
Q

What aspect of life does the presence of natural resources affect in the Canadian Shield?

Quel aspect de la vie la présence de ressources naturelles affecte-t-elle dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

Quality of life

Qualité de vie

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19
Q

Which Indigenous groups have always lived in the Canadian Shield?

Quels sont les groupes autochtones qui ont toujours vécu dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

The Woodland Cree, the Anishinabé, and the Innu

Additionally, Inuit lived on the northern coast of Labrador and Québec.

Les Cris des bois, les Anishinabés et les Innus

En outre, les Inuits vivaient sur la côte nord du Labrador et du Québec.

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20
Q

Where did the Anishinabé traditionally reside within the Canadian Shield?

Où les Anishinabé résidaient-ils traditionnellement dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

In the southern part of the Shield, around Lake Superior

The Anishinabé are one of the Indigenous groups in the region.

Dans la partie sud du Bouclier, autour du lac Supérieur

Les Anishinabé sont l’un des groupes indigènes de la région.

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21
Q

In which areas did the Woodland Cree traditionally live?

Dans quelles régions les Cris des bois vivaient-ils traditionnellement ?

A

More northern areas, closer to Hudson Bay

The Woodland Cree are known for their connection to the boreal forest.

Régions plus septentrionales, plus proches de la baie d’Hudson

Les Cris des bois sont connus pour leur lien avec la forêt boréale.

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22
Q

Where did the Innu traditionally inhabit?

Où les Innus vivaient-ils traditionnellement ?

A

In what is now Québec and Labrador

The Innu are recognized for their nomadic lifestyle and caribou hunting.

Dans ce qui est aujourd’hui le Québec et le Labrador

Les Innus sont reconnus pour leur mode de vie nomade et la chasse au caribou.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ lived on the northern coast of Labrador and Québec.

Remplissez les blancs : Les _______ vivaient sur la côte nord du Labrador et du Québec.

A

Inuit

The Inuit are known for their unique cultural practices and adaptation to Arctic environments.

Inuits

Les Inuits sont connus pour leurs pratiques culturelles uniques et leur adaptation aux environnements arctiques.

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24
Q

What did Plen Penashue, an Innu Elder, say about porcupines?

Que disait Plen Penashue, un aîné innu, au sujet des porcs-épics ?

A

They never wasted even a bit of a porcupine, using quills and hair in crafts and putting bones into the fire as an offering of thanks to the Creator.

Ils ne gaspillaient jamais un seul morceau de porc-épic, utilisaient les piquants et les poils pour l’artisanat et mettaient les os dans le feu en guise de remerciement au Créateur.

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25
Q

What does the term ‘Creator’ refer to in the context of First Nations?

Que signifie le terme “Créateur” dans le contexte des Premières nations ?

A

It is a word used by some First Nations to refer to the Great Spirit.

Il s’agit d’un mot utilisé par certaines Premières nations pour désigner le Grand Esprit.

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26
Q

What are the traditional methods used by the Woodland Cree and Anishinabé for fishing and hunting?

Quelles sont les méthodes traditionnelles utilisées par les Cris des bois et les Anishinabés pour pêcher et chasser ?

A

They used bows and arrows for hunting ducks and geese and gathered berries and other plants.

Ils utilisaient des arcs et des flèches pour chasser les canards et les oies et cueillaient des baies et d’autres plantes.

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27
Q

During which season do the Woodland Cree and Anishinabé harvest wild rice?

À quelle saison les Cris des bois et les Anishinabés récoltent-ils le riz sauvage ?

A

In the fall.

À l’automne.

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28
Q

What animals did the Woodland Cree and Anishinabé hunt?

Quels animaux les Cris des bois et les Anishinabés chassaient-ils ?

A

They hunted deer, moose, caribou, and rabbits using snares, traps, and pens.

Ils chassaient le cerf, l’élan, le caribou et le lapin à l’aide de collets, de pièges et d’enclos.

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29
Q

How did the Innu travel throughout their lands?

Comment les Innus se déplaçaient-ils sur leur territoire ?

A

They travelled by camping in the best hunting lands and journeying farther in search of caribou.

Ils se déplaçaient en campant sur les meilleures terres de chasse et en se rendant plus loin à la recherche de caribous.

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30
Q

What technology did the Innu develop for travel in northern environments?

Quelle technologie les Innus ont-ils développée pour se déplacer dans les environnements nordiques ?

A

They used birchbark canoes in summer, snowshoes in winter, and invented the toboggan.

Ils utilisaient des canoës en écorce l’été, des raquettes l’hiver et ont inventé le toboggan.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: The Innu invented the _______ for carrying their belongings.

Remplissez le vide : Les Innus ont inventé le _______ pour transporter leurs affaires.

A

toboggan

toboggan

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32
Q

True or False: The First Nations of the Shield region wasted natural resources.

Vrai ou faux : Les Premières nations de la région du Bouclier gaspillent les ressources naturelles.

A

False

Faux

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33
Q

What seasonal activities did the First Nations of the Shield region engage in during spring and summer?

Quelles activités saisonnières les Premières nations de la région du Bouclier pratiquaient-elles au printemps et en été ?

A

Fishing and hunting ducks and geese, and gathering berries and other plants.

Pêche et chasse aux canards et aux oies, cueillette de baies et d’autres plantes.

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34
Q

What materials were used by the First Nations for crafting from porcupines?

Quels matériaux les Premières nations utilisaient-elles pour fabriquer des objets à partir de porcs-épics ?

A

Quills and hair.

Piquants et poils.

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35
Q

What were French explorers and traders interested in when they settled in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands?

À quoi s’intéressaient les explorateurs et les commerçants français lorsqu’ils se sont installés dans les basses terres des Grands Lacs et du Saint-Laurent ?

A

Animal furs

The unique resources of Canada attracted new settlers, particularly those in the fur trade.

Fourrures animales

Les ressources uniques du Canada ont attiré de nouveaux colons, en particulier ceux qui pratiquaient le commerce des fourrures.

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36
Q

Who were two notable explorers that traveled to the Canadian Shield in the 1600s and 1700s?

Qui sont les deux explorateurs notables qui se sont rendus dans le Bouclier canadien dans les années 1600 et 1700 ?

A

Pierre de La Vérendrye and David Thompson

These explorers played significant roles in exploring and mapping the Shield region.

Pierre de La Vérendrye et David Thompson

Ces explorateurs ont joué un rôle important dans l’exploration et la cartographie de la région du Bouclier.

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37
Q

What misconception did English merchants have about the climate of Hudson Bay?

Quelle idée fausse les marchands anglais se faisaient-ils du climat de la baie d’Hudson ?

A

They assumed it would be gentle and mild like England’s climate

This assumption led to challenges for settlers in the harsh conditions of the Shield.

Ils pensaient que le climat serait doux et clément comme celui de l’Angleterre

Cette hypothèse a posé des problèmes aux colons dans les conditions difficiles du Bouclier.

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38
Q

What did English merchants order men to do upon arriving in the Shield region?

Qu’est-ce que les marchands anglais ordonnaient aux hommes de faire à leur arrivée dans la région du Bouclier ?

A

Provide their own food by raising pigs and growing gardens

This was unrealistic given the geographical and climatic challenges of the region.

Fournir leur propre nourriture en élevant des porcs et en cultivant des jardins

Ce projet n’était pas réaliste étant donné les défis géographiques et climatiques de la région.

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39
Q

What challenges did explorers face while traveling across the Canadian Shield?

Quels défis les explorateurs ont-ils dû relever en traversant le Bouclier canadien ?

A

Muskeg, dense forests, dangerous rapids, waterfalls, and numerous lakes

These natural obstacles made travel and exploration difficult.

Les fondrières, les forêts denses, les rapides dangereux, les chutes d’eau et les nombreux lacs

Ces obstacles naturels rendaient les déplacements et les explorations difficiles.

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40
Q

What seasonal challenges affected travel in the Canadian Shield?

Quels sont les défis saisonniers qui ont affecté les déplacements dans le Bouclier canadien ?

A

Ferocious insects in summer and cold and snow in winter

These conditions could halt travel entirely, making it difficult for explorers.

Des insectes féroces en été et le froid et la neige en hiver

Ces conditions pouvaient interrompre complètement les voyages, ce qui rendait la tâche difficile aux explorateurs.

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41
Q

How did First Nations people assist French and English traders?

Comment les peuples des Premières nations ont-ils aidé les commerçants français et anglais ?

A

They helped them survive their journeys across the land

The collaboration was crucial for the success of the fur trade expeditions.

Ils les aident à survivre lors de leurs voyages à travers la terre

La collaboration est cruciale pour le succès des expéditions de traite des fourrures.

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42
Q

What was Henry Hudson’s goal as an explorer?

Quel était le but d’Henry Hudson en tant qu’explorateur ?

A

To find a way for ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean

Hudson believed this passage might exist in the northern regions.

Trouver un moyen pour les navires de naviguer de l’Atlantique à l’océan Pacifique

Hudson pensait que ce passage pouvait exister dans les régions septentrionales.

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43
Q

What significant geographical features did Henry Hudson discover during his explorations?

Quelles caractéristiques géographiques importantes Henry Hudson a-t-il découvertes au cours de ses explorations ?

A

Hudson Bay and James Bay

Both bodies of water were named in his honor.

Baie d’Hudson et Baie James

Ces deux étendues d’eau ont été nommées en son honneur.

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44
Q

How long is Hudson Bay frozen each year?

Pendant combien de temps la baie d’Hudson est-elle gelée chaque année ?

A

At least six months

This duration is notably longer than many might expect, even colder than the Arctic Ocean.

Au moins six mois

Cette durée est nettement plus longue que ce à quoi on pourrait s’attendre, et même plus froide que l’océan Arctique.

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45
Q

Fill in the blank: Hudson Bay is colder than the _______.

Remplir le vide : La baie d’Hudson est plus froide que le site _______.

A

Arctic Ocean

This fact highlights the harsh climates of northern Canada.

Océan Arctique

Ce fait met en évidence les climats rigoureux du nord du Canada.

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46
Q

What is the significance of Hudson Bay in Canadian history?

Quelle est l’importance de la baie d’Hudson dans l’histoire du Canada ?

A

It was a key area for fur trading and exploration

The bay played a vital role in the development of trade routes and economic activities in Canada.

C’était une zone clé pour la traite des fourrures et l’exploration

La baie a joué un rôle essentiel dans le développement des routes commerciales et des activités économiques au Canada.

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47
Q

Fill in the blank: Hudson Bay is colder than the _______.

Remplir le vide : La baie d’Hudson est plus froide que le site _______.

A

Arctic Ocean

This fact highlights the harsh climates of northern Canada.

Océan Arctique

Ce fait met en évidence les climats rigoureux du nord du Canada.

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48
Q

What was a significant industry in the Shield for 200 years?

Quelle a été l’industrie la plus importante du Bouclier pendant 200 ans ?

A

Fur trade

The fur trade became an important industry until the late 1800s.

Le commerce des fourrures

## Footnote

Le commerce des fourrures est devenu une industrie importante jusqu’à la fin des années 1800.

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49
Q

Who was an explorer that traded for furs with First Nations people?

Qui était un explorateur qui faisait du commerce de fourrures avec les Premières nations ?

A

Samuel de Champlain

Champlain was known for trading furs in the Atlantic region.

Samuel de Champlain

Champlain est connu pour son commerce de fourrures dans la région de l’Atlantique.

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50
Q

What natural features contributed to the flourishing of the fur trade in the Shield?

Quelles caractéristiques naturelles ont contribué à l’essor du commerce des fourrures dans le Bouclier ?

A

Abundant forests, rivers, and lakes

These features provided habitats for animals and transport for traders.

Des forêts, des rivières et des lacs en abondance

Ces éléments constituaient des habitats pour les animaux et des moyens de transport pour les commerçants.

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51
Q

Why were beavers significant to the fur trade?

Pourquoi les castors ont-ils joué un rôle important dans la traite des fourrures ?

A

They built dams and lived in one place

This made them easier targets for trappers.

Ils construisaient des barrages et vivaient au même endroit

Ils devenaient ainsi des cibles plus faciles pour les trappeurs.

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52
Q

Fill in the blank: The fur trade flourished in the Shield because _______.

Remplissez le vide : Le commerce des fourrures a prospéré dans le Bouclier parce que _______.

A

of the abundant forests, rivers, and lakes

l’abondance des forêts, des rivières et des lacs

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53
Q

True or False: The fur trade in the Shield lasted until the early 1900s.

Vrai ou faux : La traite des fourrures dans le Bouclier a duré jusqu’au début des années 1900.

A

False

The fur trade became an important industry until the late 1800s.

Faux

Le commerce des fourrures est devenu une industrie importante jusqu’à la fin des années 1800.

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54
Q

What were the primary animals sought after in the fur trade?

Quels étaient les principaux animaux recherchés dans le cadre de la traite des fourrures ?

A

Beavers and other animals with thick fur

These animals were essential for their pelts.

Castors et autres animaux à fourrure épaisse

Ces animaux étaient indispensables pour leur fourrure.

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55
Q

Who was Etienne Brûlé?

Qui était Etienne Brûlé ?

A

A French explorer who came to New France with Champlain

Un explorateur français qui est venu en Nouvelle-France avec Champlain

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56
Q

What year did Champlain send Brûlé to live with the Ouendat?

En quelle année Champlain a-t-il envoyé Brûlé vivre chez les Ouendats ?

A

1610

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57
Q

What was the purpose of sending Brûlé to the Ouendat?

Quel était le but de l’envoi de Brûlé aux Ouendats ?

A

To create a friendly relationship with them

Créer une relation amicale avec eux

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58
Q

What skill did Brûlé learn while living with the Ouendat?

Quel savoir-faire Brûlé a-t-il appris en vivant chez les Ouendat ?

A

Their language

Leur langue

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59
Q

What role did Brûlé serve for the Ouendat?

Quel rôle Brûlé a-t-il joué pour les Ouendat ?

A

Translator

Traducteur

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60
Q

By what year was Brûlé trading independently with First Nations people?

En quelle année Brûlé a-t-il commencé à commercer de façon indépendante avec les Premières nations ?

A

1618

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61
Q

What title is given to Brûlé for being the first to trade independently?

Quel titre donne-t-on à Brûlé pour avoir été le premier à faire du commerce de manière indépendante ?

A

The first coureur des bois

Le premier coureur des bois

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62
Q

From whom did Brûlé learn survival skills on the land?

De qui Brûlé a-t-il appris à survivre sur la terre ?

A

The Ouendat

L’Ouendat

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63
Q

What did Brûlé learn to use for travel?

Qu’est-ce que Brûlé a appris à utiliser pour voyager ?

A

The waterways

Les voies navigables

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64
Q

What does the term ‘coureurs des bois’ refer to?

À quoi fait référence le terme “coureurs des bois” ?

A

Men who worked in the fur trade in New France.

Hommes qui travaillaient dans le commerce des fourrures en Nouvelle-France.

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65
Q

How did coureurs des bois interact with First Nations?

Comment les coureurs des bois ont-ils interagi avec les Premières nations ?

A

They became friends and traded with them.

Ils sont devenus des amis et ont fait du commerce avec eux.

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66
Q

What items did coureurs des bois trade for furs?

Quels objets les coureurs des bois échangeaient-ils contre des fourrures ?

A

Goods from France.

Marchandises en provenance de France.

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67
Q

What was the primary activity of coureurs des bois?

Quelle était l’activité principale des coureurs des bois ?

A

Exploring and trading furs.

Exploration et commerce de fourrures.

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68
Q

Fill in the blank: Coureurs des bois would load their canoes with goods from France, then travel _______ and _______ on the waterways.

Remplissez les blancs : Les coureurs des bois chargeaient leurs canoës de marchandises provenant de France, puis voyageaient sur les voies navigables _______ et _______.

A

north and west.

au nord et à l’ouest.

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69
Q

What did coureurs des bois do after trading for furs?

Que faisaient les coureurs des bois après avoir échangé des fourrures ?

A

Returned to New France to sell the furs.

Retourne en Nouvelle-France pour vendre les fourrures.

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70
Q

True or False: Coureurs des bois explored the waterways alone.

Vrai ou faux : Les coureurs des bois explorent seuls les cours d’eau.

A

False.

Faux

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71
Q

What was a significant lifestyle change for young people in New France?

Quel a été le changement de mode de vie le plus important pour les jeunes de la Nouvelle-France ?

A

Adopting the lifestyle of coureurs des bois.

Adopter le mode de vie des coureurs des bois.

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72
Q

What were common physical challenges faced by Coureurs des Bois?

Quels étaient les défis physiques courants auxquels les coureurs des bois étaient confrontés ?

A

Sore muscles and severe muscle injuries from carrying heavy packs during portages

This highlights the physical demands of their profession.

Muscles endoloris et blessures musculaires graves dues au portage de lourdes charges lors des portages

Ceci met en évidence les exigences physiques de leur profession.

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73
Q

What types of insect bites did Coureurs des Bois commonly experience?

Quels types de piqûres d’insectes les Coureurs des Bois rencontrent-ils le plus souvent ?

A

Bites from mosquitoes, black flies, and other insects

This indicates the harsh environmental conditions they faced.

Les piqûres de moustiques, de mouches noires et d’autres insectes

Cela indique les conditions environnementales difficiles auxquelles ils étaient confrontés.

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74
Q

What weather conditions did Coureurs des Bois have to endure?

Quelles conditions météorologiques les coureurs des bois ont-ils dû endurer ?

A

Intense heat and bitter cold

These conditions contributed to the difficulties of their journey.

Chaleur intense et froid glacial

Ces conditions ont contribué aux difficultés de leur voyage.

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75
Q

What navigational challenges did Coureurs des Bois encounter?

Quelles difficultés de navigation les Coureurs des Bois ont-ils rencontrées ?

A

No maps or compasses

This lack of navigational tools made travel more perilous.

Pas de cartes ni de boussoles

Cette absence d’outils de navigation rendait les voyages plus périlleux.

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76
Q

What type of terrain did Coureurs des Bois often travel through?

Quel type de terrain les coureurs des bois ont-ils souvent traversé ?

A

First Nations lands

This often required cultural sensitivity and awareness of territorial rights.

Les terres des Premières nations

Il faut souvent faire preuve de sensibilité culturelle et connaître les droits territoriaux.

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77
Q

What was the issue regarding permission for travel faced by Coureurs des Bois?

Quel a été le problème rencontré par les Coureurs des Bois en ce qui concerne l’autorisation de voyager ?

A

Sometimes without a guide and without permission

This could lead to conflicts with First Nations peoples.

Parfois sans guide et sans autorisation

Cela peut entraîner des conflits avec les peuples des Premières nations.

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78
Q

True or False: Coureurs des Bois had access to reliable maps and compasses.

Vrai ou faux : Les coureurs des bois disposaient de cartes et de boussoles fiables.

A

False

They navigated without modern tools, increasing their risk.

Faux

Ils naviguaient sans outils modernes, ce qui augmentait les risques.

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79
Q

What is the name of the part of the Trans Canada Trail in Ontario?

Quel est le nom de la partie du sentier transcanadien située en Ontario ?

A

Voyageur Trail

The Voyageur Trail follows the northern shore of Lake Superior.

Voyageur Trail

Le Voyageur Trail suit la rive nord du lac Supérieur.

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80
Q

What geographic feature do hikers enjoy along the Voyageur Trail?

Quelle caractéristique géographique les randonneurs apprécient-ils le long du Voyageur Trail ?

A

Rugged beauty of the rocky shores

The trail offers scenic views along the northern shore of Lake Superior.

Beauté sauvage des rivages rocheux

Le sentier offre des vues panoramiques le long de la rive nord du lac Supérieur.

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81
Q

Who were the two coureurs des bois that explored north of Lake Superior in the mid-1600s?

Qui sont les deux coureurs des bois qui ont exploré le nord du lac Supérieur au milieu des années 1600 ?

A

Pierre Radisson and Médard Chouart des Groseillers

Pierre Radisson et Médard Chouart des Groseillers

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82
Q

What action did the governor of New France take against Radisson and des Groseillers?

Quelle mesure le gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France prend-il contre Radisson et des Groseillers ?

A

Seized their furs and briefly jailed them

Ils ont saisi leurs fourrures et ont été brièvement emprisonnés.

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83
Q

Why did the governor of New France jail Radisson and des Groseillers?

Pourquoi le gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France a-t-il emprisonné Radisson et des Groseillers ?

A

They had traded without permission

Ils avaient fait du commerce sans autorisation

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84
Q

What proposal did Radisson and des Groseillers make to the British?

Quelle proposition Radisson et des Groseillers ont-ils faite aux Britanniques ?

A

British ships could carry fur traders into Hudson Bay

Les navires britanniques peuvent transporter les marchands de fourrures dans la baie d’Hudson.

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85
Q

What was the purpose of using British ships for fur trading?

Quel est l’objectif de l’utilisation des navires britanniques pour la traite des fourrures ?

A

To avoid Montréal and the government of New France

Pour éviter Montréal et le gouvernement de la Nouvelle-France

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86
Q

In what year did des Groseillers sail alone into Hudson Bay?

A

1668

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87
Q

What was built by the British after des Groseillers’ voyage?

A

Fort Rupert

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88
Q

What vast territory did the British claim after building Fort Rupert?

A

Rupert’s Land

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89
Q

In what year was the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) created?

A

1670

90
Q

Fill in the blank: The geographic advantage the HBC had over fur traders from Montreal was _______.

A

[key geographic advantage]

91
Q

What is the meaning of the term ‘voyageur’?

A

Traveller

The term is of French origin.

92
Q

What role did voyageurs play in the fur trade?

A

They travelled by canoe and worked for fur-trading companies.

93
Q

In which decade was the North West Company (NWC) created?

A

1780s

94
Q

Who created the North West Company?

A

A group of Scottish and Montréal businessmen.

95
Q

What was the primary goal of the North West Company?

A

To compete with the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC).

96
Q

What did the voyageurs do with supplies and trade goods?

A

Loaded them into huge canoes and paddled from Montréal to Lake Superior.

97
Q

What was the purpose of the traders in smaller canoes?

A

To trade with First Nations people.

98
Q

What was the NWC’s strategy regarding First Nations people?

A

To reach them before they took their furs to an HBC trading post.

99
Q

What resulted from the competition between the North West Company and the HBC?

A

An intense rivalry between the two companies.

100
Q

Who were the voyageurs?

A

Usually Canadien or Métis

101
Q

Why did many First Nations people prefer to do business with the Canadiens?

A

They were willing to learn First Nations languages and respected the First Nations way of life

102
Q

What kind of life did the voyageurs lead?

A

A hard life, including portaging past waterfalls and rapids, camping outdoors, and paddling for hours

103
Q

How did the voyageurs differ from the coureurs des bois?

A

Voyageurs worked in groups and were employees of the North West Company

104
Q

What was the main role of the voyageurs?

A

To support traders by delivering supplies

105
Q

What type of permits did voyageurs have?

A

Special permits from the government of New France

106
Q

What defines a Métis person?

A

Having one parent who was First Nations and one who was Canadien

107
Q

What additional ancestries did Métis people have later on?

A

Scottish and British ancestry

108
Q

What is a Venn diagram used for?

A

To organize information and compare things that are similar and different

Venn diagrams visually represent relationships between different sets.

109
Q

What were the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company known for?

A

Building trading posts across the Canadian Shield

These trading posts were essential for fur trading in Canada.

110
Q

What is a fort?

A

A group of buildings surrounded by high wooden walls

Forts were used for protection and as trading posts.

111
Q

What were some forts also called?

A

Factories

The term ‘factory’ referred to trading posts and not industrial facilities in this context.

112
Q

List some components of a fort.

A
  • Warehouses
  • Men’s quarters
  • Administrators quarters
  • Guest house
  • Trading house
  • Clerks office
  • Turret
  • Blacksmith’s shed

These components facilitated the operations of the trading posts.

113
Q

What did groups of Cree often do outside company forts?

A

Camped outside company forts and hunted and fished for fort employees

This exchange allowed the Cree to receive food and other goods.

114
Q

What did the Cree receive in exchange for hunting and fishing for fort employees?

A

Food and other goods

This exchange was a form of trade between the Cree and the fort employees.

115
Q

Who camped outside the North West Company forts besides the Cree?

A

Voyageurs

Voyageurs were French Canadian boatmen who transported goods.

116
Q

What was the role of the First Nations people in relation to the HBC?

A

Worked for the HBC

HBC stands for Hudson’s Bay Company.

117
Q

What did First Nations people rely on for food, clothing, utensils, and weapons?

A

The land and their ingenuity

This reliance meant that nothing was wasted in their traditional practices.

118
Q

Which groups of fur traders arrived at HBC forts?

A

French, English, and Scottish fur traders

They traded various goods with First Nations people.

119
Q

What items did fur traders bring to trade with the Woodland Cree and Anishinabé?

A
  • Copper kettles
  • Knives
  • Rifles
  • Wool blankets
  • Flour
  • Salted meat

These items were exchanged for furs.

120
Q

What was the headquarters of the Hudson’s Bay Company known as?

A

York Factory

It became a significant trading post during the fur trade.

121
Q

True or False: The fur trade had no impact on First Nations’ lifestyles.

A

False

The fur trade significantly affected the lifestyles and economies of First Nations.

122
Q

Fill in the blank: First Nations people traded furs with Europeans in exchange for _______.

A

[various goods]

These goods included items that changed their traditional ways of living.

123
Q

What two groups had been trading for generations before the European fur trade began?

A

The Cree and Anishinabé

124
Q

What did the Cree and Anishinabé know about their trading needs?

A

They knew what they needed and what they valued

125
Q

What was a common practice among the First Nations people during the fur trade?

A

They took their furs to different trading posts to see who would give them the most in return

126
Q

Which two European nations were competing for furs during the fur trade?

A

French and English

127
Q

True or False: The First Nations people were unaware of the competition between the French and English for their furs.

A

False

128
Q

Fill in the blank: The Cree and Anishinabé were used to working with others to get a _______.

A

fair trade

129
Q

What does the chart referenced in the text relate to?

A

The value of trading items

130
Q

What two groups had been trading for generations before the European fur trade began?

A

The Cree and Anishinabé

131
Q

What did the Cree and Anishinabé know about their trading needs?

A

They knew what they needed and what they valued

132
Q

What was a common practice among the First Nations people during the fur trade?

A

They took their furs to different trading posts to see who would give them the most in return

133
Q

Which two European nations were competing for furs during the fur trade?

A

French and English

134
Q

True or False: The First Nations people were unaware of the competition between the French and English for their furs.

A

False

135
Q

Fill in the blank: The Cree and Anishinabé were used to working with others to get a _______.

A

fair trade

136
Q

What does the chart referenced in the text relate to?

A

The value of trading items

137
Q

What is pemmican?

A

Pemmican is dried meat pounded to a paste and mixed with melted fat and berries.

Pemmican was an important source of food for traders.

138
Q

Who were the first Métis?

A

The first Métis were the children of unions between First Nations women and French, English, Scottish, and Canadien fur traders.

These relationships were significant in the development of Métis identity.

139
Q

What roles did the Métis play in the fur trade?

A

The Métis often worked as administrators, translators, guides, and voyageurs.

Métis women also contributed significantly by processing fur and making essential items.

140
Q

What did Métis women contribute to the fur trade?

A

Métis women removed fur from animals, made snowshoes, moccasins, and pemmican.

They also helped European husbands understand First Nations languages.

141
Q

What cultural influences shaped Métis culture?

A

Métis culture started as a mix of First Nations and French cultures.

Over time, it evolved into a unique culture.

142
Q

What language do the Métis speak?

A

The Métis have a language called Michif, which combines French and Cree.

Michif reflects the cultural blending of the Métis people.

143
Q

What was the practice regarding marriage among Métis children?

A

Métis children often married other Métis.

This practice contributed to the formation of the Métis Nation.

144
Q

True or False: The Métis played a minor role in the fur trade.

A

False. The Métis played an important role in the fur trade.

145
Q

Fill in the blank: The Métis have their own _______ and stories.

A

[key learning term] culture.

146
Q

How did the fur trade influence the development of Canada?

A

The fur trade enabled traders to move west and north, establishing new posts and forts beyond existing trading areas.

This competition between NWC and HBC led to further exploration and settlement.

147
Q

What strategy did NWC traders use to compete with HBC?

A

NWC traders traveled farther west and north to reach First Nations people before they could deliver furs to HBC trading posts.

This strategy involved building their own trading posts in new areas.

148
Q

What impact did exploration by English, French, and Métis traders have?

A

Their exploration led to the creation of reports and maps that assisted settlers in establishing communities in regions like British Columbia and the Northwest Territories.

These explorations were crucial for the mapping and settlement of Canada.

149
Q

Which explorers were significant in the fur trade era?

A

David Thompson and Pierre de la Vérendrye were notable explorers during the fur trade era.

Their contributions were essential in mapping and understanding the Canadian landscape.

150
Q

True or False: The fur trade did not significantly affect the territorial boundaries of Canada.

A

False

The fur trade played a crucial role in shaping Canada’s territorial boundaries.

151
Q

Fill in the blank: The NWC built posts and forts in areas past the _______ posts.

A

HBC

This was part of their strategy to outmaneuver HBC traders.

152
Q

Who is David Thompson?

A

A young man from England who worked for HBC and NWC

153
Q

What significant contributions did David Thompson make?

A

Explored and mapped almost 4 million square kilometres of North America

154
Q

What did David Thompson create in 1814?

A

A map of western Canada

155
Q

How long was David Thompson’s map used?

A

It was still used 100 years later by the government and the railway

156
Q

What nickname is sometimes given to David Thompson?

A

The greatest land geographer who ever lived

157
Q

Fill in the blank: David Thompson’s wife was _______.

A

Charlotte

158
Q

What organizations did David Thompson work for?

A
  • HBC
  • NWC
159
Q

True or False: David Thompson was born in Canada.

A

False

160
Q

Who was Pierre de La Vérendrye?

A

The first Canadien to travel far into the West.

161
Q

In what year was Pierre de La Vérendrye born?

A

1685.

162
Q

What motivated La Vérendrye and his sons to journey to the Assiniboine River?

A

He heard about a huge western sea from First Nations people.

163
Q

What was La Vérendrye’s primary goal during his journeys in the West?

A

To find a route to the Pacific Ocean.

164
Q

How many fur-trading posts did La Vérendrye set up during his journeys?

A

Six fur-trading posts.

165
Q

What role did La Vérendrye play in French trade in the West?

A

He opened this vast area to French trade.

166
Q

Who were La Vérendrye’s sons?

A

François and Louis-Joseph.

167
Q

What significant achievement did La Vérendrye’s sons accomplish?

A

They were the first Europeans to reach the Rocky Mountains.

168
Q

Fill in the blank: La Vérendrye commanded a fur-trading post on _______.

A

Lake Nipigon.

169
Q

True or False: La Vérendrye’s exploration was solely for the purpose of finding new land.

A

False.

170
Q

What were many jobs in the Canadian Shield historically related to?

A

The fur trade

The fur trade was a significant economic activity in the Canadian Shield until the late 1800s.

171
Q

What industries provide jobs in the Canadian Shield today?

A

Medicine, tourism, government, and other industries

These industries have emerged as the fur trade declined.

172
Q

What do many industries in the Canadian Shield depend on?

A

Natural resources such as water, minerals, and forests

The availability of these resources influences the economic activities in the region.

173
Q

Fill in the blank: Many people in the Canadian Shield depend on _______.

A

[natural resources]

This includes resources like water, minerals, and forests.

174
Q

True or False: The fur trade is still a primary source of employment in the Canadian Shield.

A

False

The fur trade declined by the late 1800s, leading to the development of other industries.

175
Q

What role does tourism play in the Canadian Shield’s economy?

A

It provides jobs and contributes to the economy

Tourism is one of the modern industries that has developed in the region.

176
Q

What is the significance of the location of Opaskwayak First Nation?

A

It is located where two rivers come together

177
Q

How many Cree people live in Opaskwayak First Nation today?

A

About 4500 Cree people

178
Q

What activities does the father of the narrator engage in?

A

Hunting and fishing

179
Q

True or False: First Nations communities in the Shield were typically built away from water sources.

A

False

180
Q

Fill in the blank: Many First Nations communities in the Shield were built on _______.

A

rivers or lakes

181
Q

What influenced the location of European fur traders’ trading posts?

A

They built along rivers

182
Q

What developed from some of the trading posts and forts established by European traders?

A

Towns

183
Q

What other groups contributed to the founding of communities in the Shield region?

A

Francophone missionaries

184
Q

What factors do communities in the Shield depend on?

A

Different resources

185
Q

List two types of communities mentioned that were founded in the Shield region.

A
  • Communities near rivers or lakes
  • Communities founded near natural resources
186
Q

What is Chisasibi?

A

A community in Québec, Canada that began as a trading post for Cree people.

187
Q

What type of area is Chisasibi located in?

A

An isolated area in the Canadian Shield.

188
Q

What was the original purpose of Chisasibi?

A

It began as a trading post.

189
Q

Who primarily settled in Chisasibi?

A

Cree people.

190
Q

Which English trading post did the Cree people trade with in Chisasibi?

A

Fort George.

191
Q

What activities do many residents of Chisasibi still engage in?

A

Fishing and hunting.

192
Q

What is a significant employer in Chisasibi?

A

Hydro-Ouébec.

193
Q

What major project is located near Chisasibi?

A

The James Bay Hydroelectric Project.

194
Q

Fill in the blank: Many First Nations communities in the Canadian Shield are located in _______ areas.

A

[isolated]

195
Q

True or False: Chisasibi was established primarily for agricultural purposes.

A

False.

196
Q

What is the original name given to Sault Ste. Marie by Etienne Brûlé?

A

Sault du Gaston

Named in honor of the brother of the King of France.

197
Q

Who renamed Sault du Gaston to Sault Ste. Marie?

A

French Jesuit missionaries in 1669

This renaming reflects the influence of the missionaries in the region.

198
Q

Which explorer is associated with the naming of Radisson, Quebec?

A

Pierre Radisson

Radisson was a notable figure in early exploration.

199
Q

Name three communities in the Canadian Shield with large Francophone populations.

A
  • Timmins
  • Sudbury
  • North Bay

These communities showcase the lasting impact of Francophone settlers.

200
Q

What is College Boreal?

A

A Francophone college in Sudbury

It serves the educational needs of the Francophone community in the region.

201
Q

True or False: Most early explorers and settlers in the Canadian Shield were Anglophone.

A

False

The early explorers, settlers, and missionaries were primarily Francophone.

202
Q

Fill in the blank: Sault Ste. Marie was renamed by _______.

A

[French Jesuit missionaries]

203
Q

What role did Francophone settlers play in the Canadian Shield?

A

They started many communities and influenced place names

Their presence is still felt in the region’s culture and demographics.

204
Q

Research the origin of the name of one of the communities in the Canadian Shield.

A

Research required

This prompts further exploration of local history.

205
Q

What are resource communities?

A

Communities that depend on the processing of resources for their way of life

These communities often develop around mines and mills built to utilize local minerals and forests.

206
Q

Where are many Canadian resource communities located?

A

In the Canadian Shield

The Canadian Shield is rich in minerals and forests, making it suitable for resource extraction.

207
Q

What types of housing do workers in resource communities initially live in?

A

Tents, trailers, and shacks

These temporary living conditions are typical before permanent structures are built.

208
Q

What facilities are built as resource communities develop?

A

Houses, schools, places of worship, and stores

These facilities support the growing population and community structure.

209
Q

What are the working conditions like in mills and mines?

A

Hard and dangerous

Workers face various risks and challenges in these environments.

210
Q

True or False: Resource communities are characterized by a sense of closeness among families.

A

True

The challenging conditions often lead to strong community bonds.

211
Q

What could threaten the sustainability of a resource community?

A

Too many trees being cut down or a mineral running out

These factors can severely impact the community’s economy and way of life.

212
Q

Fill in the blank: Resource communities in Canada depend on the processing of _______.

A

resources

This includes both forest products and minerals extracted from the land.

213
Q

What type of community is Elliot Lake an example of?

A

Resource community

Elliot Lake has gone through the natural resources cycle many times.

214
Q

What geographical feature is Elliot Lake located near?

A

Lake Huron

This location has made it popular for many different reasons over the years.

215
Q

Which Indigenous group gathered in the Elliot Lake area for centuries?

A

Anishinabé

They hunted and fished in this area and started a village where Elliot Lake is today.

216
Q

In which decade did European loggers and trappers move to Elliot Lake?

A

Late 1800s

They were attracted by the forests and the animals.

217
Q

What significant mineral was discovered in Elliot Lake in 1948?

A

Uranium

This discovery led to the establishment of mining operations in the area.

218
Q

How many mines were near Elliot Lake by 1960?

A

11 mines

The mining industry significantly influenced the town’s development.

219
Q

What happened to the mines in Elliot Lake over the next 35 years?

A

They closed and reopened

This led to fluctuations in the population.

220
Q

What occurred in Elliot Lake in 1996?

A

The mines closed again

This resulted in a drop in the population.

221
Q

What did the residents of Elliot Lake decide they needed after the mines closed?

A

A new more dependable resource

They recognized the potential for tourism.

222
Q

Elliot Lake was transformed into what type of destination?

A

Tourist destination

The residents looked around their town and saw this opportunity.