4. Adrenal gland

Question 1

responsible for
A) minute-to-minute regulation of blood pressure
B) blood volume
C) vascular tone

Answer 1

Adrenal gland

Question 2

adrenal cortex zona:

mineralocorticoid hormones

Answer 2

zona glomerulosa

Question 3

adrenal cortex zona:

glucocorticoid hormones

Answer 3

zona fasciculata

Question 4

adrenal cortex zona:

sex steroids

Answer 4

zona reticularis

Question 5

Identify the disease.

lack of mineralocorticoids secretion may result in?

Clinical signs
- lethal retention of potassium
- loss of sodium

Answer 5

Addison disease

Question 6

suppress inflammatory and immunologic responses, thereby reducing associated tissue destruction and fibroplasia

Answer 6

glucocorticoid hormones

Question 7

any cause of elevated cortisol concentrations

Answer 7

Cushing syndrome

Question 8

Other term for cushing syndrome

Answer 8

HYPERadrenocorticism

Question 9

most common form of hyperadrenocorticism and accounts for 80%-85% of reported cases

Answer 9

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)

Question 10

a unilateral or bilateral adrenal tumor secretes cortisol

accounts for 10%-15% of cases

Answer 10

Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

Question 11

less common causes of Cushing syndrome

Answer 11

1. ectopic secretion of ACTH
2. episodic Cushing disease
3. meal induced
4. “atypical” manifestations

Question 12

Clinical signs:
• polyuria and polydipsia
• weight gain
• endocrine alopecia
• muscle atrophy
• a “pot-bellied” appearance

Answer 12

Cushing syndrome

Question 13

Laboratory abnormalities :
• elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase
• decreased urine concentrating ability
• diabetes mellitus and/or insulin resistance can be seen in as many as 15% of canine cases

Answer 13

Cushing syndrome

Question 14

Diagnosis:

Initial steps
• accurate history
• thorough physical examination
• screening laboratory tests (CBC, chemistry panel, urinalysis)

specific adrenal function tests are performed to confirm hyperadrenocorticism and differentiate between the various causes

Answer 14

Cushing syndrome

Question 15

results from the lack of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, or both

• Isolated aldosterone insufficiency appears to be very rare
• isolated glucocorticoid insufficiency is likely underdiagnosed given the lack of electrolyte abnormalities

Answer 15

Addison disease

Question 16

other term for Addison disease

Answer 16

HYPOadrenocorticism

Question 17

Clinical signs:
• often vague
• may wax and wane over time
• rarely pathognomonic
• may be present for days, weeks, or months before diagnosis

Answer 17

Addison disease

Question 18

Diagnosis

• hyponatremia
• hyperkalemia
• a sodium:potassium ratio of < 25:1
• azotemia
• mild acidosis
• normocytic, normochromic anemia

evaluation of adrenal function

Answer 18

Addison disease

Question 19

disease to test in ACTH stimulation test

Answer 19

Addison disease

Question 20

should always initially be performed in acutely ill patients or when the resting cortisol concentration is < 2 mcg/dL

Answer 20

ACTH stimulation test

Question 21

Differential Diagnosis:
• primary GI disease (especially whipworm infection)
• renal failure
• acute pancreatitis
• toxin ingestion

Answer 21

Addison disease

Question 22

central portion of the adrenal gland

primary source of epinephrine & norepinephrine

plays a role in stress / hypoglycemia

Answer 22

adrenal medulla