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VPTH 123 > 3. Kidney > Flashcards

3. Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Routine urinalysis (Kidney)

A
  1. Complete urinalysis
  2. Physical features
  3. Solute concentration
  4. Chemical analysis
  5. Urine chemistry
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2
Q

Complete urinalysis (Kidney)

A
  1. Physical features (gross inspection)
  2. Solute concentration (specific gravity)
  3. Chemical analysis (stix)
  4. Microscopic examination (sediment)
  5. Culture
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3
Q

Odor to test for kidney function test

A
  1. ammonia — urea splitting organisms
  2. acetone — ketones
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4
Q

Turbidity of urine (kidney)

A

clear — horse cloudy

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5
Q

normal urine color

A

pale yellow (dilute) — amber (conc.)

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6
Q

red brown urine color

A

hemorrhage / myoglobin

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7
Q

dark amber urine color

A

increased bilirubin

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8
Q

unusual color in urine

A

due to drugs

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9
Q

density of urine relative to distilled water

A

specific gravity

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10
Q

Methods to detect specific gravity

A
  1. urinometer
  2. refractometer
  3. urine dipstix
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11
Q

inversely related to urine volume

A

specific gravity

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12
Q

urine specific gravity equal (=) to glomerular filtrate

1.008 – 1.012

A

isosthenuria

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13
Q

Very dilute urine, more solute removed than H2O

< 1.008

A

hyposthenuria

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14
Q

Concentrated urine, more H2O removed than solute

A

hyperosthenuria

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15
Q

Confirmed persistent isosthenuria indicates

A

fixed specific gravity

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16
Q

causes of decreased urine pH

A

a. high protein diet (meat, milk)
b. catabolism of body protein
c. acidic fluid therapy
d. systemic acidosis – not always

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17
Q

causes of increased urine pH

A

a. vegetable diet
b. bacterial infections of urinary tract
c. alkaline fluid therapy
d. systemic alkalosis – not always
e. storage at room temperature

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18
Q

urine chemistry tested for kidney

A
  1. protein
  2. glucose
  3. ketones
  4. bilirubin
  5. blood
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19
Q

urine chemistry method of protein

• false positives in alkaline urine and/or high SG
• trace, 1+, 2+ reactions are frequent in normal animals with high SG
• false positive with quat ammonium, chlorhexidine, penicillin and cephalosporins

A

dipstix

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20
Q

urine chemistry method of protein

• equal quantities of urine and 5% SSA
• turbidity is proportional to protein content
• normal urine: no turbidity
• if dipstix are used, + reaction confirmed with SSA
• urine must be clear in order to interpret test

A

sulfocalicylic acid test

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21
Q

urine chemistry method of protein

  • involves 24 hr collection in metabolism cage, record volume, determine protein content.
  • Urine protein/creatinine ration
A

quantitative urine protein

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22
Q

interpretation of this method must be in conjunction with specific gravity or urine volume in order to assess how much protein is lost in urine

A

Semi-quantitative method

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23
Q

What kind of proteinuria

Transient and severity is mild
• strenuous exercise
• convulsions
• neonates — transient proteinuria during first week

A

Physiologic proteinuria

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24
Q

What kind of proteinuria

• Renal glomerular leakage or tubular damage allows excess protein in urine
• Hemorrhage: plasma proteins in blood.
• Inflammation/infection: leakage of protein accompanies inflammatory response
• Hemoglobin, Myoglobin

A

Pathologic proteinuria

25
Q

Identify the urine chemistry result

• diabetes mellitus
• severe pancreatitis
• hyperadrenocorticism
• excess dietary carbohydrate
• fluid therapy
• epinephrine response
• immediately prior to death

A

glycosuria with hyperglycemia

26
Q

Identify the urine chemistry result

• diabetes mellitus
• severe pancreatitis
• hyperadrenocorticism
• excess dietary carbohydrate
• fluid therapy
• epinephrine response
• immediately prior to death

A

glycosuria with hyperglycemia

27
Q

presence of reducing sugars in urine
- glucose etc.

A

glycosuria

28
Q

Identify the urine chemistry result

renal:
• impaired tubular reabsorption
• congenital
• gentamycin toxicity

false positive:
• drugs such as ketamine
• hematuria in cats

A

glycosuria without hyperglycemia

29
Q

does not indicate renal disease;
occurs with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism.

a. Bovine ketosis
b. Pregnancy disease in ewes
c. Diabetes mellitus
d. Starvation; fasting; low carbohydrate/high fat diet

A

ketonuria

30
Q

Identify the urine chemistry

1.Method: stix and tablet
- false positive: phenothiazine derivatives

  1. Normal:
    • negative most species
    • dog and cat have low renal thresholds
    • male dogs are able to conjugate this in renal tubules
A

Bilirubin

31
Q

bilirubinuria will precede ________

A

hyperbilirubinemia

32
Q

Identify the urine chemistry

1.Method:
• detects HEME proteins
• more sensitive to free hemoglobin or myoglobin

2.Normal:
• negative; false positive with hypochlorite
• consider method of collection:
a. catheter or cystocentesis can cause hemorrhage

3.Positive reaction: • hemoglobinuria
• hematuria +/- inflammation
• myoglobinuria

A

Blood

33
Q

red turbid urine color

A

hematuria

34
Q

red clear urine color

A

hemoglobinuria

35
Q

red brown urine color

A

myoglobinuria

36
Q

extremely important part of urinalysis

method of collection, sample storage & history affects this

A

urine sediment

37
Q

this urine sediment

  • seldom have clinical significance
  • numbers of crystals are usually meaningless
  • concentration, acidity, temperature affect number and morphology
  • correlation between ___ and uroliths
A

Crystals

38
Q

(4) normal crystals

A
  1. Triple phosphates
  2. Ca carbonate
  3. Bilirubin
  4. Oxalates
39
Q

(5) Abnormal crystals

A
  1. cystine
  2. oxalate
  3. ammonium urate (biurate)
  4. amino acid
  5. drugs
40
Q

cause of fat droplets

A
  1. lipemia
  2. catheter lube
41
Q

examples of lipemia

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. fat in diet
  3. hypothyroidism
  4. obesity
42
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

Features:
a. formed in distal tubules and collecting ducts
b. quantity not reliable indicator of disease
c. type is determined by material in lumen and indicates nature of disorder

A

Cast

43
Q

synthesized in liver from NH3 – AA catabolism;

GI absorption

distributed in total body water

A

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

44
Q

where urea is metabolized in herbivores

A

GI flora

45
Q

How BUN is excreted from kidney

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption: varies inversely with urine flow thru tubules
46
Q

balance of production and excretion of serum / plasma urea values

A

BUN

47
Q

factors affecting urea production

A

i. functional hepatic mass
ii. dietary protein
iii. catabolism of body tissue
iv. drugs

48
Q

factors affecting urea excretion:

A

i. changes in GFR
ii. metabolism in rumen and large intestine

49
Q

Result of this in BUN

a. chronic liver disease
b. protein malnutrition
c. hyperadrenocorticism, anabolic steroids
d. GI metabolism in herbivores

A

decreased BUN concentration

50
Q

Result of this in BUN

a. increased urea production
i. high protein diet
ii. rapid catabolism of body tissue – necrosis, infection, fever, GI hemorrhage
iii. drugs

b. decreased excretion
i. prerenal
ii. renal
iii. postrenal

A

increased BUN concentration

51
Q

produced in muscle at a fairly constant rate from creatine

distributed in total body water

diffuses slower than urea

A

Creatinine

52
Q

this will cause BUN to decrease more rapidly than creatinine

A

therapeutic diuresis

53
Q

Serum or plasma values of this is affected by fewer variables than BUN

A

Creatinine

54
Q

increased blood levels of nonprotein nitrogen (BUN and creatinine)

A

Azotemia

55
Q

3 types of azotemia

A
  1. Prerenal
  2. Renal
  3. Postrenal
56
Q

Identify the type of azotemia

causes:
• dehydration
• shock
• cardiovascular disease
• inc. dietary protein
• protein catabolism

A

Pre-renal azotemia

57
Q

Identify the type of azotemia

causes:
a. acute or chronic renal disease
• 75% of nephrons must be nonfunctional

b. prolonged prerenal or postrenal disorders

A

Renal azotemia

58
Q

Identify the type of azotemia

causes:
• obstruction of urine flow or leakage of urine due to perforation
• usual due to calculi, trauma, tumors

A

Post-renal azotemia

VPTH 123 (12 decks)

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