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VPTH 123 > 3. Kidney > Flashcards

3. Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Routine urinalysis (Kidney)

A
  1. Complete urinalysis
  2. Physical features
  3. Solute concentration
  4. Chemical analysis
  5. Urine chemistry
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2
Q

Complete urinalysis (Kidney)

A
  1. Physical features (gross inspection)
  2. Solute concentration (specific gravity)
  3. Chemical analysis (stix)
  4. Microscopic examination (sediment)
  5. Culture
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3
Q

Odor to test for kidney function test

A
  1. ammonia — urea splitting organisms
  2. acetone — ketones
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4
Q

Turbidity of urine (kidney)

A

clear — horse cloudy

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5
Q

normal urine color

A

pale yellow (dilute) — amber (conc.)

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6
Q

red brown urine color

A

hemorrhage / myoglobin

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7
Q

dark amber urine color

A

increased bilirubin

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8
Q

unusual color in urine

A

due to drugs

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9
Q

density of urine relative to distilled water

A

specific gravity

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10
Q

Methods to detect specific gravity

A
  1. urinometer
  2. refractometer
  3. urine dipstix
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11
Q

inversely related to urine volume

A

specific gravity

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12
Q

urine specific gravity equal (=) to glomerular filtrate

1.008 – 1.012

A

isosthenuria

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13
Q

Very dilute urine, more solute removed than H2O

< 1.008

A

hyposthenuria

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14
Q

Concentrated urine, more H2O removed than solute

A

hyperosthenuria

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15
Q

Confirmed persistent isosthenuria indicates

A

fixed specific gravity

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16
Q

causes of decreased urine pH

A

a. high protein diet (meat, milk)
b. catabolism of body protein
c. acidic fluid therapy
d. systemic acidosis – not always

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17
Q

causes of increased urine pH

A

a. vegetable diet
b. bacterial infections of urinary tract
c. alkaline fluid therapy
d. systemic alkalosis – not always
e. storage at room temperature

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18
Q

urine chemistry tested for kidney

A
  1. protein
  2. glucose
  3. ketones
  4. bilirubin
  5. blood
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19
Q

urine chemistry method of protein

• false positives in alkaline urine and/or high SG
• trace, 1+, 2+ reactions are frequent in normal animals with high SG
• false positive with quat ammonium, chlorhexidine, penicillin and cephalosporins

A

dipstix

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20
Q

urine chemistry method of protein

• equal quantities of urine and 5% SSA
• turbidity is proportional to protein content
• normal urine: no turbidity
• if dipstix are used, + reaction confirmed with SSA
• urine must be clear in order to interpret test

A

sulfocalicylic acid test

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21
Q

urine chemistry method of protein

  • involves 24 hr collection in metabolism cage, record volume, determine protein content.
  • Urine protein/creatinine ration
A

quantitative urine protein

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22
Q

interpretation of this method must be in conjunction with specific gravity or urine volume in order to assess how much protein is lost in urine

A

Semi-quantitative method

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23
Q

What kind of proteinuria

Transient and severity is mild
• strenuous exercise
• convulsions
• neonates — transient proteinuria during first week

A

Physiologic proteinuria

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24
Q

What kind of proteinuria

• Renal glomerular leakage or tubular damage allows excess protein in urine
• Hemorrhage: plasma proteins in blood.
• Inflammation/infection: leakage of protein accompanies inflammatory response
• Hemoglobin, Myoglobin

A

Pathologic proteinuria

25
Identify the urine chemistry result • diabetes mellitus • severe pancreatitis • hyperadrenocorticism • excess dietary carbohydrate • fluid therapy • epinephrine response • immediately prior to death
glycosuria with hyperglycemia
26
Identify the urine chemistry result • diabetes mellitus • severe pancreatitis • hyperadrenocorticism • excess dietary carbohydrate • fluid therapy • epinephrine response • immediately prior to death
glycosuria with hyperglycemia
27
presence of reducing sugars in urine - glucose etc.
glycosuria
28
Identify the urine chemistry result renal: • impaired tubular reabsorption • congenital • gentamycin toxicity false positive: • drugs such as ketamine • hematuria in cats
glycosuria without hyperglycemia
29
does not indicate renal disease; occurs with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. a. Bovine ketosis b. Pregnancy disease in ewes c. Diabetes mellitus d. Starvation; fasting; low carbohydrate/high fat diet
ketonuria
30
Identify the urine chemistry 1.Method: stix and tablet - false positive: phenothiazine derivatives 2. Normal: • negative most species • dog and cat have low renal thresholds • male dogs are able to conjugate this in renal tubules
Bilirubin
31
bilirubinuria will precede ________
hyperbilirubinemia
32
Identify the urine chemistry 1.Method: • detects HEME proteins • more sensitive to free hemoglobin or myoglobin 2.Normal: • negative; false positive with hypochlorite • consider method of collection: a. catheter or cystocentesis can cause hemorrhage 3.Positive reaction: • hemoglobinuria • hematuria +/- inflammation • myoglobinuria
Blood
33
red turbid urine color
hematuria
34
red clear urine color
hemoglobinuria
35
red brown urine color
myoglobinuria
36
extremely important part of urinalysis method of collection, sample storage & history affects this
urine sediment
37
this urine sediment - seldom have clinical significance - numbers of crystals are usually meaningless - concentration, acidity, temperature affect number and morphology - correlation between ___ and uroliths
Crystals
38
(4) normal crystals
1. Triple phosphates 2. Ca carbonate 3. Bilirubin 4. Oxalates
39
(5) Abnormal crystals
1. cystine 2. oxalate 3. ammonium urate (biurate) 4. amino acid 5. drugs
40
cause of fat droplets
1. lipemia 2. catheter lube
41
examples of lipemia
1. diabetes mellitus 2. fat in diet 3. hypothyroidism 4. obesity
42
Identify the urine sediment: Features: a. formed in distal tubules and collecting ducts b. quantity not reliable indicator of disease c. type is determined by material in lumen and indicates nature of disorder
Cast
43
synthesized in liver from NH3 – AA catabolism; GI absorption distributed in total body water
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
44
where urea is metabolized in herbivores
GI flora
45
How BUN is excreted from kidney
1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption: varies inversely with urine flow thru tubules
46
balance of production and excretion of serum / plasma urea values
BUN
47
factors affecting urea production
i. functional hepatic mass ii. dietary protein iii. catabolism of body tissue iv. drugs
48
factors affecting urea excretion:
i. changes in GFR ii. metabolism in rumen and large intestine
49
Result of this in BUN a. chronic liver disease b. protein malnutrition c. hyperadrenocorticism, anabolic steroids d. GI metabolism in herbivores
decreased BUN concentration
50
Result of this in BUN a. increased urea production i. high protein diet ii. rapid catabolism of body tissue – necrosis, infection, fever, GI hemorrhage iii. drugs b. decreased excretion i. prerenal ii. renal iii. postrenal
increased BUN concentration
51
produced in muscle at a fairly constant rate from creatine distributed in total body water diffuses slower than urea
Creatinine
52
this will cause BUN to decrease more rapidly than creatinine
therapeutic diuresis
53
Serum or plasma values of this is affected by fewer variables than BUN
Creatinine
54
increased blood levels of nonprotein nitrogen (BUN and creatinine)
Azotemia
55
3 types of azotemia
1. Prerenal 2. Renal 3. Postrenal
56
Identify the type of azotemia causes: • dehydration • shock • cardiovascular disease • inc. dietary protein • protein catabolism
Pre-renal azotemia
57
Identify the type of azotemia causes: a. acute or chronic renal disease • 75% of nephrons must be nonfunctional b. prolonged prerenal or postrenal disorders
Renal azotemia
58
Identify the type of azotemia causes: • obstruction of urine flow or leakage of urine due to perforation • usual due to calculi, trauma, tumors
Post-renal azotemia

VPTH 123 (12 decks)

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