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DMST 285 OBGYN 2 > 3D And 4D > Flashcards

3D And 4D Flashcards

1
Q

When do we use 3D and 4D?

A

Obstetrics and gynaecology

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2
Q

What are some clinical applications of 3D and 4D for obstetrics?

A
  1. Fetal portrait
  2. Nose/Lips
  3. Neural tube defects
  4. Hands, feet, and ankles
  5. Heart
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3
Q

What are some clinical application of 3D and 4D for gynaecology?

A
  1. EV
  2. Müllerian duct anomalies
  3. Endometrium
  4. IUCD
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4
Q

How many methods can we gain 3D/ 4D?

A

3 main methods of acquiring images

  1. Free hand
  2. Mechanical
  3. 3D/4D matrix transducers
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5
Q

How many 3D/4D capabilities are available?

A
  1. Limitless capabilities once volume data is acquired
  2. Anatomy can be re-evaluated in all three planes after the patient has left the unit
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6
Q

What is the free hand method of getting 3D/4D? What are some limitations? What are some requirements?

A

Transducer manual moving over the area of interest

  1. No measurements
  2. No extra equipment required
  3. 3D only- 4D only
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7
Q

What is the Mechanical 3D/4D transducer method? How does it work?

A
  1. Motor within transducer provides sweep
  2. Transducer elements sweep in a fanlike motion
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8
Q

What is the 3D/4D matrix transducer method for 3D/4D? What applications does it have?

A
  1. Cardiac applications
  2. More crystals
  3. Beam is electronically steered
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9
Q

What is MPR?

A

Multiplayer reconstruction

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10
Q

What is a voxel?

A

3D volume data set (think of a cube version of the pixel)

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11
Q

_______ is area to include in the volume

A

ROI

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12
Q

What does the volume angle determine?

A
  1. How much information acquired in the z axis
  2. Distance the transducer covers in a sweep
  3. How wide the sweep is from right to left
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13
Q

What is the volume angle for a fetal heart?

A

Small volume angle

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14
Q

What is the volume angle for a uterus?

A

Large volume angle

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15
Q

What are two types of acquisition speed?

A

Slow and fast

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16
Q

What can we see during slow acquisition speed?

A
  1. More slices
  2. Better quality volume
  3. Higher resolution
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17
Q

What will we see during faster acquisition speed?

A
  1. Active fetus
  2. Eliminates fetal motion
  3. Can be better with 4D
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18
Q

What is the image quality of 3D/ 4D scans?

A
  1. Same as 2D
  2. Optimal 2D image produces optimal 3D imaging
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19
Q

What are some factors that affect image quality or 3D/ 4D

A
  1. Maternal size
  2. Decreased amniotic fluid
  3. Fetal position
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20
Q

What is 3D multiplanar reconstruction

A
  1. Volume information displayed in useable format
  2. Rendered image of all planes on the same screen
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21
Q

What are the three planes for 3D multiplanar resconstruction?

A

X, Y, Z

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22
Q

For multipanar reconstruction A or X plane is what?

A

Sagittal of the object being scanned

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23
Q

For multiplanar reconstruction B or Y plane is what?

A

Transverse of the object being scanned

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24
Q

For multiplanar reconstruction C or Z plane is what?

A

Coronal of the object being scanned

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25
Q

A and B planes determine what for multiplanar reconstruction?

A

ROI

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26
Q

What does C determine for multiplanar reconstruction?

A

Size or volume

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27
Q

What does B and C have in terms of resolution compared to A?

A

Lower resolution

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28
Q

What has the lowest resolution in terms of the plane?

A

C

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29
Q

What is the dot?

A

The point where all three planes intersect

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30
Q

What is the benefit of virtual rescan?

A

Sonographer or radiologist can use the MPR after the patient has left the clinic to “rescan”

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31
Q

What are some things that virtual rescan can do?

A
  1. Not limited to these images
  2. A multitude of images may be reconstructed
  3. Can rotate images in any axis
  4. Can sweep through each plane as well
  5. Similar to repositioning the transducer
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32
Q

Different ___________ are used to displayed 3D data on the screen

A

Algorithms

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33
Q

What does rendering modes allow us to do? What are some examples?

A
  1. Different characteristics to be highlighted
  2. Bony structures like the fetal skull
  3. Soft tissue like the face, nose, lips, ear
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34
Q

What are some surface rendering settings?

A
  1. Surface smooth
  2. Surface texture
  3. Gradient light
  4. Threshold is manually adjusted
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35
Q

What is the surface smooth function? Why do we do it?

A
  1. Rendering gives the face smooth surface of the skin
  2. Popular with parents
  3. No underlying structures are displayed
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36
Q

What is the surface texture setting?

A

Enhances the details of a surface

37
Q

What is the gradient light surface rendering setting?

A

Gives impression of depth by adding a light source

38
Q

How is threshold ad justed for surface rendering settings?

A

Manual adjusted

39
Q

What are some things to caution when adjusting threshold for surface rendering settings? What does low and high threshold look like?

A
  1. Use caution as important information can be eliminated
  2. Low threshold > Skin seen > Fetal face
  3. Higher threshold > Eliminates skin > Bony structures of face
40
Q

What does the scalpel function do? What is an example?

A
  1. Removes unwanted structures from image
  2. Placenta from face
  3. Uterine wall
41
Q

What does maximum skeletal or x-ray mode do?

A
  1. Eliminates weaker signals like soft tissue
  2. Visualized bones or stronger signals betters
42
Q

Why would we use maximum skeletal or X-ray mode?

A

Some syndromes have Wormian bones in the skull sutures. We would now be able to identify these this way

43
Q

Wha this the inversion function?

A
  1. Hyperechoic structures turned into solid structure
  2. A digital cast
  3. Grey scale is removed
  4. Cystic area visualized as an echogenic area.
44
Q

When would we use inversion techniques?

A
  1. Gynaecology
  2. Obstetrical application
45
Q

How would inversion technique assist gynecology?

A
  1. Saline filled uterus
  2. PCOS
  3. Hydrasalpinx
  4. Follicular monitoring
46
Q

How would inversion technique help obstetrical application?

A
  1. Fetal ventricles
  2. Dilated fetal urinary tract
  3. Heart and vessels
  4. Fetal stomach
47
Q

What is the glass body or transparency function used in conjunction with? Why would we use it? Does it use grey scale?

A
  1. Used in conjunction with power doppler
  2. Tissue becomes transparent
  3. Visualize vessels better
  4. Grey scale completely removed
48
Q

What is another name for tomographic ultrasound?

A

Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT)

49
Q

What is tomographic ultrasound?

A

A series of tomographic images

50
Q

What is tomographic ultrasound similar to?

A
  1. CT and MRI
  2. Will see Multislice
51
Q

Can doppler and power doppler be used for tomographic ultrasound?

A

Yes

52
Q

What kind of protocols similar to in terms of tomographic ultrasound?

A

More uniform to our imaging modalities

53
Q

What does VOCAL stand for?

A

Virtual Organ Compoter Aided Analysis

54
Q

What is vocal?

A

Software program used to measure the volume of an irregular object

55
Q

What does vocal allow us to do?

A
  1. Contour mapping of a structure
  2. Data set is rotated 180 degrees around a fixed central axis
  3. Tracing of the object contours
  4. Contours outlined
  5. System reconstructs a model of all the contours
56
Q

What does Vocal do?

A

Creates a 3D model and the system reconstructs a contour model

57
Q

What is a 3D scan?

A
  1. Static
  2. Single sweep through an area
  3. Volume is stored and viewed in many formats
58
Q

What are 4D images?

A
  1. Live or real-time (can observe fetal facial expressions)
  2. Transducer elements continuous sweeping back and forth
59
Q

What are some uses of 3D/ 4D gynecology?

A
  1. Congenital uterine anomalies
  2. IUCD location
  3. Endometrial lesions
  4. Origin of Adnexal masses
  5. Infertility evaluation
60
Q

What are some endometrial lesions for 3D/4D in gynecology?

A
  1. Ashermans
  2. Polyps
  3. FIbroids
61
Q

What is a bicornuate uterus? What is a indicator of bicornuate uterus?

A
  1. Two separate uterine cornea on a coronal imaging plane
  2. An external fundal indentation of greater than 1 cm is diagnostic of a bicornuate uterus
62
Q

What is sonohysterography?

A

A volume of the uterus that can be obtained

63
Q

What does the sonohysterography allows us to do? What does it allow us to see/ do?

A

3D reconstruction
1. Improves visualization of polyps
2. Fibroids
3. Adhesions

64
Q

What is a benefit of sonohysterography?

A

Patient comfort: images can be constructed after patient leaves the department

65
Q

What is a benefit of 3D/4D for IUCD location? Which view is best?

A
  1. Improves precise location of IUCD in the uterus
  2. Coronal view is the best
66
Q

What are some restrictions for 3D/4D?

A

Endometrial restrictions
1. <5mm are technically difficult to reconstruct

67
Q

What is the z technique?

A

Standardized step by step technique to obtain a coronal plane of the uterus

68
Q

What are some benefits of 3D/4D in obstetrics?

A
  1. Facial anomalies
  2. Nasal bone
  3. CNS anomalies
  4. Cranial sutures
  5. Extremities
  6. Fetal heart
  7. Chromosomal abnormalities
  8. Fetal movement and behavior
69
Q

What do we usually use 3D to obtain?

A

Mostly of the face to view things like,
1. cleft lip
2. Cleft palate
3. Forehead
4. Nasal bone
5. Mandible

70
Q

Just as in 2D, ________ and __________ play a significant role in obtaining images?

A
  1. Fetal position
  2. Amniotic fluid
71
Q

What does off plane 2D results in regards to absent nasal bone?

A

False positive result

72
Q

MPR can assist sonographer to assure what?

A

Correct plane for absent nasal bone

73
Q

Finding 3D ears anomalies are associated with what?

A

Congenital syndromes

74
Q

What do we look for in terms of cranial bones?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Fontaine’s
  3. Bones for completeness
  4. Wormian bones
75
Q

What are Wormian bones?

A

Small bones between (within) the cranial sutures

76
Q

What is Wormian bones in association with?

A
  1. Osteogenesis imperfects
  2. Hypopohosphatasia
  3. Down syndrome
  4. Can also be a normal variant
77
Q

What is the spine scan importance?

A

More comprehensive assessment

78
Q

What can be seen in the spine scan?

A

Spina bifida which can identify the level of defect

79
Q

What is hemivertibrae?

A

Only one side of the vertebrae forms

80
Q

What are some things that we look for during the 1st trimester in 3D?

A

Nuchal translucency: This measurement is performed in less time

81
Q

What are some extremities that can be taken in 3D?

A
  1. Club feet
  2. Hands
  3. Rocker bottom feet
  4. Overlapping fingers
  5. Polydactyly
82
Q

What is STIC stand for?

A

Spatial temporal image correlation

83
Q

What is STIC? What does it demonstrate? What type of view is needed?

A
  1. A motion gated scanning method
  2. Demonstrates function and anatomical information form one full cardiac cycle
  3. Only need a 4 chamber view
84
Q

What other views are reconstructed by stored data for STIC?

A
  1. Outflows
  2. Venous connections
  3. Aortic arch
  4. 5 Chamber
  5. 3 Vessel
85
Q

What is the greatest benefit for STIC?

A

Off site review

86
Q

What is STIC used for?

A

Cardiac

87
Q

What is this an example of?

A

Inversion technique

88
Q

What is this an example of?

A

Glass body or transparency technique

89
Q

What is this an example of?

A

IUCD in a bicornuate uterus

DMST 285 OBGYN 2 (15 decks)

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