3b- Noncommunicable diseases have causes and impacts with mitigation and response strategies which have varying levels of success (cancer) Flashcards
social/cultural causes of cancer in the UK
lifestyle factors- smoking- biggest cause of cancer and 2/5 of cancer diagnosis are linked to it, radiation so higher risk in occupational environments, poor diet and obesity - fast food being more available and tech means cancer rates have increased by 23% since 1970 in men
sunbathing- cultural preference for people to be tanned which increases the risk of skin cancer
exercise- less exercise and more sedentary lifestyles means there is more obesity in ACs like the UK so more risk of cancer and CVD
economic causes of cancer in the UK
as people are wealthier they can afford holidays so more opportunities for sunbathing, wealth also means there are changes in diet- more fast food, meat, dairy so more risk of bowel cancer
Cancer rates in poorest areas of the UK are 3X greater than in the most affluent areas- uneducated so dont know the risks of smoking/drinking
wealthier people can consume more alcohol which will mean more oral, oesophagus and liver cancer
evidence of economic causes of cancer in the UK (Glasgow)
Glasgow effect- low life expectancy in Glasgow (76) due to lifestyle choices like drinking smoking, food- link between deprivation and cancer rates.
rates of cancer in Glasgow are higher than in any UK area and more than 1/2 of Glasgow’s population live in 20% of the most deprived wards in the UK
patterns of cancer in the UK
Manchester and Liverpool have the highest cancer rates in England- northern places tend to have higher rates. In 2016, the cancer incidence rate was 13.2% higher in the North East compared with London
older population are much more likely to get cancer- every 10 years doubles the chances of getting cancer, adults aged 65 years and over accounting for 65.3% of the total cancers, due to the UKs ageing population cancer is very common (1 in 2). Young people more likely to get leukaemia
more common in males than females - men likely to get prostate cancer and women breast cancer
socio-economic impacts of cancer in the UK
cost to the economy is £15 mil a year due to early deaths, time off work, and treatment on the NHS. For individuals, it costs £570 monthly due to loss of income, medical appointments, prescriptions
can cause social isolation, anxiety due to lack of income, mental health problems
deprivation gap will impact survival rates as treatment is expensive, and time off work will make the gap bigger, 14.2% more in the most affluent group survive bladder cancer compared with the most deprived- can be due to pre-existing health status
direct strategies used by governments to mitigate cancer in the UK and how effective
investment in medical technology- more precise forms of radiotherapy,
diagnostic methods -like endoscopy for early diagnosis and treatment, more support to GPs in referrals to consultants
Mass screening- breast, cervical, and testicular cancer
survival rates depend on wealth and could be improved by a decreased wait time
Direct strategies are more effective in AC as they have the money to do it so mortality rates will be lower
direct strategies used by international agencies to mitigate cancer and how effective
Cancer research charity - focuses on improving understanding of the disease, developing new treatments, discovering new drugs and exploiting potential of genetic engineering
Funded by donations so impacts by cyclical economic change, operates at a large scale helping countries over the world, unis, and hospitols
indirect strategies used by government and international agencies to mitigate cancer and how effective
emphasis on lifestyle changes and cancer prevention, education about dangers of smoking and diets, helps reduce preventable causes
more likely to be effective in areas with a good education system, LIDCs are unable to do direct strategies due to cost so indirect strategies are more suited to them
legislations put on commercial use of sunbeds and age limits and more training
impacts of Direct and indirect strategies on skin cancer
legislations on sunbeds don’t stop people from sunbathing
direct strategies can remove malignant melanomas
indirect strategies can help people self-examine for cancerous legions
