2a-link between disease and development Flashcards
what are the stages of epidemiological transition model
1- age of pestilence and famine
2- age of receding pandemics
3- era of degenerative and man-made diseases
4- age of delayed and degenerative diseases
what happens in stage 1 of the epidemiological transition model
diseases are infectious and communicable
poor sanitation, contaminated drinking water and low QOL
Life expectancy: 35
11% of world population
what happens in stage 2 of the epidemiological transition model
improved nutrition and public health/ sanitation
Life expectancy: 50
standards of living improve and epidemics causing large scale mortality are falling- basic sanitation and education
NCD becoming more common
39% of the world
industrial sectors are growing- LIDC like Uganda
having to deal with double burden makes this stage particularly challenging
what happens in stage 3 of the epidemiological transition model
high fat and calorific intake, tobacco use, chronic diseases more common than infectious and malnutrition
Life expectancy: 60+
Death from CVDs= 35-64%
35% of the world
sanitation and education are good enough to prevent infectious diseases
industrialisation and lack of medical care leads to more NCD
what happens in stage 4 of the epidemiological transition model
CVD and cancer leading causes of mortality
Life expectancy: 70+
life expectancy increased due to medical advancements- can delay the onset of degenerative diseases
obesity and diabetes become the most significant health factors- tech means they can be managed
Deaths from CVDs= 40%
15% of the world
why do AC’s have higher prevalence of NCD
different lifestyle- larger portion sizes, more alcohol and tobacco, less manual labour. Overnutrition leads to CVD and type 2 diabetes- especially in younger age groups.
Cancer rates in ACs- 316 per 100,000 in LIDCs- 103 per 100,000
medicines- prevent communicable diseases, high life expectancy, higher levels of diagnosis
why do LIDCS have higher prevalence for communicable diseases
Less access to health care and lack of resources, due to development level, to tackle the causes of disease. Lack of sanitation and education plays a part in this
Food- undernutrition weakens the immune system and leads to a higher risk of bacterial and viral infections. Malnutrition means a lack of vitamins which causes rickets
water pollution leads to cholera, typhoid, and diarrhoea. Poor drainage provides breeding sites for vectors like mosquitoes. worse in high-density living conditions
LIDCs are often in the tropics where the higher temperatures and rainfall is good conditions for mosquitos so lots of infectious diseases like malaria and dengue fever which are absent in cooler climates and higher latitudes
Facts about Delhi
30mill population- 2nd biggest in the world
1 day outside= 50 cigarettes
in last 10 years pop has increased by 7million
causes of the air pollution in Delhi
factories, cars and power stations emit NO2, SO2 and CO2 which worsen air quality
ban on rice planting rice until june to rice harvesting was pushed back, to speed up the process the rice stubble is burned which releases smoke which is funnelled by the Himalayas to Delhi and mixes with pollution creating a toxic smog
Fireworks in Diwali festival over several days left a sheet of toxic smog- sale of fireworks was banned in Delhi by supreme court- challenged by firework manufacturers
inside air pollution caused by the use of biomass fuels for heating and paraffin for cooking which are responsible for 1mill premature deaths- rural areas
health impact of pollution in Delhi
PM 2.5 causes asthma, bronchitis and an increased risk of cancer by 70% in Delhi. 1/5 lung cancer cases occur in non-smokers.
Respiratory symptoms and diseases are 1.7 times higher in Delhi than in rural areas of India.
Lung function is 40% reduced in Delhi - 50% of Delhi’s school children have compromised lung capacity and would never totally recover
national strategies to deal with air pollution in Delhi
In Bihar, chimneys have been retrofitted to reduce smoke emissions
restrictions will be placed on the burning of stubble in fields
first market for trading permits in emissions of particulates has been developed in several states of India
global strategies to deal with air pollution
EU member states allocate 1.8bill to support air quality measures. European commission proposed to invest 1bill into 39 clean transport projects to upgrade the Europe’s rail network. EU has the largest cap and trade scheme to help reduce emissions and keep air pollution down
world cancer day draws attention to the cancer epidemic and presses governments to take action. WHO published a ‘Draft Road Map’ to address the problem of cancer and to confront the health affects of air pollution
how effective has Delhi been at tackling air pollution
in stage 3 of the epidemiological transition model so lots of factories and a growing population so the scale of the problem is massive but with limited money it’s hard to tackle it- don’t value environmental protection over economic growth -reliance on industrial jobs will lower as the country develops
Physical geography- Himalayas trap smog, monsoon season clears pollution but after it doesn’t rain for 7-8 months- seasonal
As places have experienced air pollution before they have a clear roadmap of what is going to help them but takes time to get better e.g Great smog of london. They also have global governance to help
