//3.b. Noncommunicable diseases have causes and impacts with mitigation and response strategies which have varying levels of success.

Question 1

Social causes of cancer

Answer 1

• most cancers related to lifestyle
• cancer rates in the UKhave rised by 23% for men and 43% for women
• cancers associated with lifestyle are preventable e.g. sunbathing
• changes in diet and a preference for meat/dairy products-bowel cancer
• lack of exercise and changes in diet have driven an epidemic obesity in the UK
• smoking-biggest cause of cancer-1/5 of cases of cancer every year are related to smoking

Question 2

Economic causes of cancer

Answer 2

• A higher income means more people are travelling to areas such as Florida for sunbathing
• wealth comes changes in diet and a prefernce for meat and dairy products-linked to a rise in bowel cancer
• Higher income means alcohol consumption rises, increasing oral and liver cancer

Question 3

Socio-economic impacts of cancer

Answer 3

• 2 million people have cancer in the UK-costs the economy £15 million a year due to early deaths, treatment on the NHS
• Social and psychological costs-cancer sufferers experience anxiety, resulting from loss of income
• deprivation increases the likelihood of smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity
• cancer rates in the poorest areas are three times higher than in the most affluent
• The most affluent have better survival chances than the most deprived-13.2% more women who are the most affluent survive bladder cancer-this is explained by pre-existing health status and speed of diagnosis

Question 4

Government strategies to mitigated against cancer

Answer 4

• UK government-save 5000 lives per year, increase survial rates and reduce the gap in survival rates
• direct strategies-advanced medical technology-mass screening for breast, cervical and bowel cancer. Survical rates increased by reducing Waiting times. ancer research-improving understanding of disease
• indirect strategies-changes in lifestyle and cancer preventation
• direct clinical treatment-surgery

Question 5

International agency strategies to mitigate against cancer

Answer 5

• The International Agency for Reseach on Cancer is part of the WHO. It conduct epidemiology and lab research
• Cancer UK researches preventation, diagnosis and treatment of cancer
• The Meteorological Office Advice regularly issues forecasts on UV intensities and safe limits of exposure