2.a. As countries develop economically the frequency of communicable diseases decreases, while the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases rises Flashcards
KEY IDEA
as countries develop economically, the frequency of communicable diseases decreases wile the prevalence of non communicable diseases increases
What is Abdel Omran’s model of the epidemiological transition
- this describes the relationship between development and changing patterns of population, age distribution, mortality, fertility, life expectancy and causes of death
- changes are driven by improvements in health care, standards of living and the quality of the enviornment
Epidemiological transition:STAGE 1-the age of pestilence and famine
- life expectancy years-20-40
- poor sanitation and hygience;unreliable food supply
- causes of morbidity and mortality-infections;nutritional deficiences
Epidemiological transition:STAGE 2-the age of receding pandemis
- life expectancy years-30-50
- improved sanitation;better diet
- causes of morbidity and mortality-reduced number of infections;increases in occurrence of strokes and heart disease
Epidemiological transition:STAGE 3-the age of degenerative and man-made diseases
- life expectancy years-50-60
- increased ageing:lifestyles associated with poor diet, less activity and addictions
- causes of morbidity and mortality-high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, smoking-related cancers, strokes, heart disease and pulmonary vascular disease
Epidemiological transition:STAGE 4-the age of delayed degenerative diseases
- life expectancy years 70+
- reduced risk behaviours in the population;health promotion and new treatments
- heart disease, strokes and cancers are main causes of mortality but treatment extends life. Dementia and ageing diseases start to appear more
In the epidemiological model, there are variations in the pattern and pace of the transition. This meant Omran identified three contexts to the model. What are they
- classical/western model e.g. western Europe where a slow decline in death rate is followed by lower fertility
- acceerated model e.g. parts of Latin America where falls in mortalit and much more rapid
- contemporary/delayed model e.g. sub-Saharan Africa where decreases in mortality are not accompanied by decline in fertality
How do rising standards of living influence a country’s epidemiological transition
as countries develop, the health and wellbeing of the nation should as improve, as more money is available to spend on agriculture, health services and basic infrastructure
How do rising standards of living influence a country’s epidemiological transition-economic developments
- investment in agriculture to raise yields and farming effectively in order to provide adequate good-quality food
- improved infrastructure so that food can be stored an distributed efficiently and basic services such as energy, sewage and clean water can reach the whole population
- investment in the health services
How do rising standards of living influence a country’s epidemiological transition-social developments
- better education on sanitation, healthy diet and the spread of disease
- advances in medical care and availability of basic medicines and vaccinations
- better education and more opportunites to become fully trained health care professionals
- reduced infant mortality rates
Why do LIDCS have a higher prevalence of
communicable diseases
- overnutrion is becoming an increasing problem in EDCs as affluence increases and dietary choices change
- other non-communicable diseases such as cancer are now increasing in EDCs and LIDCs
- geography is a factor-tropical and sub-tropical locations give rise to diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, yellow fever and Ebola
- communciable disease accounts for the majority of deaths in the poorest countries because of poverty, lack of resources, inadequate nutrition, water pollution, lack of sanitation and poor hygiene
Why do ACs have a higher prevalence of non-communicable diseases
- communicable diseases have been largely eliminated in ACs through diagnoses, treatnment, high standards of living, clean water and good nutrition
- prolonged life in ACs means that degenerative illnesses have increased
- in ACs, overnutrition and excess consumption of sugars, fats and salts has increased the incidence of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
Air pollution and cancer in India-key fatcts
- there are high levels of air pollution in India
- in 2015, 99% of Indias 1.2 billion people breathe polluted air above safe levels
- Delhi is the worl’s most polluted city
Air pollution and cancer in India-causes
- studies have shown a close relationship between air pollution in Dehli and elevated levels of mortality and morbidity
- respiratory symptoms and disease are 1.7 times higher in Delhi
- hypertension is 40% higher
- air pollution is due to emissions of particulates, NO2, SO2 and ozone
- indoor air pollution is a problem in rural areas, where households lack electricity
Air pollution and cancer in India-health impacts
- Delhi has seen a rise in pollution-related cancers e.g. lung cancer
- 1/5 cases of lung cancer occur in non-smokers- 20% increase in the past 10 years
- particulate pollution is the biggest threat to human health
- tiny air-borne particles are released by burning fossil fuels and penetrate into people’s lungs which cause respiratory problems as well as cancer
